excutio

Latin

Etymology

From ex- (“out of”) +‎ quatiō (“shake”).

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ekˈsku.ti.oː/, [ɛkˈs̠kʊt̪ioː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ekˈskut.t͡si.o/, [ekˈskut̪ː͡s̪io]

Verb

excutiō (present infinitive excutere, perfect active excussī, supine excussum); third conjugation iō-variant

to shake out, shake off, elicit, knock out, drive out, cast off, strike off
to throw from or off of a horse, chariot, ship, etc.
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.115–116:
  [...] excutitur prōnusque magister
  volvitur in caput [...].
  [Having been knocked out] and [lying] prone [on deck], the helmsman was thrown [from the ship], [and] was tumbled headfirst [into the water].
  (During the storm at sea, Lycian helmsman Leucaspis suffers a dishonorable death without proper burial; he appears by name in Book 6, Line 334.)
to discard, banish
to examine, inspect

Conjugation

Conjugation of excutiō (third conjugation iō-variant)
indicative		singular			plural
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	excutiō	excutis	excutit	excutimus	excutitis	excutiunt
	imperfect	excutiēbam	excutiēbās	excutiēbat	excutiēbāmus	excutiēbātis	excutiēbant
	future	excutiam	excutiēs	excutiet	excutiēmus	excutiētis	excutient
	perfect	excussī	excussistī	excussit	excussimus	excussistis	excussērunt, excussēre
	pluperfect	excusseram	excusserās	excusserat	excusserāmus	excusserātis	excusserant
	future perfect	excusserō	excusseris	excusserit	excusserimus	excusseritis	excusserint
	sigmatic future¹	excussō	excussis	excussit	excussimus	excussitis	excussint
passive	present	excutior	excuteris, excutere	excutitur	excutimur	excutiminī	excutiuntur
	imperfect	excutiēbar	excutiēbāris, excutiēbāre	excutiēbātur	excutiēbāmur	excutiēbāminī	excutiēbantur
	future	excutiar	excutiēris, excutiēre	excutiētur	excutiēmur	excutiēminī	excutientur
	perfect	excussus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	excussus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	excussus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
subjunctive		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	excutiam	excutiās	excutiat	excutiāmus	excutiātis	excutiant
	imperfect	excuterem	excuterēs	excuteret	excuterēmus	excuterētis	excuterent
	perfect	excusserim	excusserīs	excusserit	excusserīmus	excusserītis	excusserint
	pluperfect	excussissem	excussissēs	excussisset	excussissēmus	excussissētis	excussissent
	sigmatic aorist¹	excussim	excussīs	excussīt	excussīmus	excussītis	excussint
passive	present	excutiar	excutiāris, excutiāre	excutiātur	excutiāmur	excutiāminī	excutiantur
	imperfect	excuterer	excuterēris, excuterēre	excuterētur	excuterēmur	excuterēminī	excuterentur
	perfect	excussus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	excussus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	excute	—	—	excutite	—
active	future	—	excutitō	excutitō	—	excutitōte	excutiuntō
passive	present	—	excutere	—	—	excutiminī	—
passive	future	—	excutitor	excutitor	—	—	excutiuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
non-finite forms		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		excutere	excussisse	excussūrum esse	excutī	excussum esse	excussum īrī
participles		excutiēns	—	excussūrus	—	excussus	excutiendus, excutiundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		excutiendī	excutiendō	excutiendum	excutiendō	excussum	excussū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Descendants

Aromanian: scot, scoatiri
Dalmatian: scutro
→ English: excuss
→ Esperanto: skui
Galician: escudir
Friulian: scuedi
Italian: scuotere
→ Italian: escutere
Occitan: escodre
Old French: escoudre, escourre, rescorre, rescoure
- French: écourre, écoudre (rare)
- Bourguignon: écoure, écourai
- Norman: écourre, écourer
- → Middle English: rescouen
  - English: rescue
→ Portuguese: excutir
Romanian: scoate, scoatere
Sardinian: iscudere, isciudere, iscudiri, iscutere, scudi
Spanish: escodar

References

“excutio”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“excutio”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
excutio in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to make a person laugh: risum elicere (more strongly excutere) alicui
- to shake off the yoke of slavery: iugum servitutis excutere