kraj
Czech
Etymology
Inherited from Old Czech kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
Noun
kraj m inan
Declension
Derived terms
Related terms
Further reading
- “kraj”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
- “kraj”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
- “kraj”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
Lower Sorbian
Etymology
Probably borrowed from Upper Sorbian kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь. Doublet of kšaj, which was inherited.
Noun
kraj m inan
Declension
Further reading
- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “kraj”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999) “kraj”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
- Lower Sorbian vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Old Czech
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
Noun
kraj m inan
- edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- (chiefly in the plural) borderland
- landscape, area, territory, country
Declension
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | kraj | krajě | kraji, krajové |
genitive | krajě | krajú | krajóv |
dative | kraju | krajoma | krajóm |
accusative | kraj | krajě | krajě |
vocative | kraju | krajě | kraji, krajové |
locative | kraji, kraju | krajú | krajích |
instrumental | krajem | krajoma | kraji |
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.
Descendants
- Czech: kraj
References
- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “kraj”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
Old Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation
Noun
kraj m inan
- (attested in Lesser Poland) border (edge of a territory)
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter][1], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 2, 8:
- Dam cy... w trzimane twoie craie zemske (terminos terrae)
- [Dam ci... w trzymanie twoje kraje ziemskie (terminos terrae)]
- 1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)[2], section 13,11:
- Wiswolyl sobye Loth kray (regionem) podle Yordana
- [Wyzwolił sobie Lot kraj (regionem) podle Jordana]
- (attested in Lesser Poland) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter][3], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 132, 3:
- Yasz stanpa w kray odzena gego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)
- [Jaż zstąpa w kraj odzienia jego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)]
- 1880-1894 [Fifteenth century], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności[4], volume V, page 266:
- Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego krayv szwyatha, ubi sol oritur
- [Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego kraju świata, ubi sol oritur]
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “kraj”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kraj”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “kraj”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “kraj”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kraj/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈkrɒj/
Audio: noicon (file) - Rhymes: -aj
- Syllabification: kraj
Etymology 1
Inherited from Old Polish kraj.
Noun
kraj m inan (related adjective krajowy)
- country (territory of a nation)
- (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
- (chiefly dated or archaic) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- Synonym: skraj
Declension
Related terms
Trivia
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), kraj is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 107 times in scientific texts, 193 times in news, 205 times in essays, 37 times in fiction, and 19 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 561 times, making it the 83rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
kraj
References
Further reading
- kraj in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- kraj in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “kraj”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “KRAJ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2010 September 6
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 522
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁(y)-.
Pronunciation
Noun
krȃj m (Cyrillic spelling кра̑ј)
Declension
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | krȃj | krȁjevi / kràjevi |
genitive | krȁja | krȁjēvā / krajévā / kràjēvā |
dative | krȁju | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
accusative | kraj | krȁjeve / kràjeve |
vocative | krȁju | krȁjevi / kràjevi |
locative | krȁju / kràju | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
instrumental | krȁjem | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
Etymology 2
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
Preposition
krȁj (Cyrillic spelling кра̏ј) (+ genitive case)
- near, next to, beside (= pȍred, pȍkraj, dȍ)
- Dođi, s(j)edni kraj mene. ― Come, sit next to me.
- past, by (= pȍred, pȍkraj)
- Metak je proletio točno kraj mene. ― The bullet flew right by me.
- (proscribed) in spite of, despite (= ȕprkos/ȕsprkos, pȍred)
- I kraj svega toga, preživio sam. ― And despite all of it, I survived.
Silesian
Etymology
Inherited from Old Polish kraj.
Pronunciation
Noun
kraj m inan
- country (territory of a nation)
- edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
- Synonyms: rant, brzyg
- Antonym: postrzodek
Further reading
- kraj in silling.org
Slovak
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
Noun
kraj m inan (genitive singular kraja, nominative plural kraje, genitive plural krajov, declension pattern of stroj)
Declension
Further reading
- “kraj”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
Slovene
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
Noun
krȁj m inan
- place (location, position)
- town, village or place
- Iz katerega kraja si ravnokar prišel? ― What place have you just come from?
- end or beginning
Inflection
Masculine inan., soft o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | kràj | ||
gen. sing. | krája | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative (imenovȃlnik) |
kràj | krája | kráji |
genitive (rodȋlnik) |
krája | krájev | krájev |
dative (dajȃlnik) |
kráju | krájema | krájem |
accusative (tožȋlnik) |
kràj | krája | kráje |
locative (mẹ̑stnik) |
kráju | krájih | krájih |
instrumental (orọ̑dnik) |
krájem | krájema | kráji |
Further reading
- “kraj”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
Upper Sorbian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Noun
kraj m inan
Descendants
- → Lower Sorbian: kraj
Further reading
- “kraj” in Soblex
- Czech terms inherited from Old Czech
- Czech terms derived from Old Czech
- Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech terms with audio pronunciation
- Czech lemmas
- Czech nouns
- Czech masculine nouns
- Czech inanimate nouns
- Czech masculine inanimate nouns
- Czech soft masculine inanimate nouns
- Lower Sorbian terms borrowed from Upper Sorbian
- Lower Sorbian terms derived from Upper Sorbian
- Lower Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian doublets
- Lower Sorbian lemmas
- Lower Sorbian nouns
- Lower Sorbian masculine nouns
- Lower Sorbian inanimate nouns
- Old Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Czech lemmas
- Old Czech nouns
- Old Czech masculine nouns
- Old Czech inanimate nouns
- Old Czech masculine inanimate nouns
- Old Czech soft masculine o-stem nouns
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish nouns
- Old Polish masculine nouns
- Old Polish inanimate nouns
- Lesser Poland Old Polish
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/aj
- Rhymes:Polish/aj/1 syllable
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish lemmas
- Polish nouns
- Polish masculine nouns
- Polish inanimate nouns
- pl:Government
- Polish dated terms
- Polish terms with archaic senses
- Polish non-lemma forms
- Polish verb forms
- pl:Polities
- Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Serbo-Croatian/âːj
- Rhymes:Serbo-Croatian/âːj/1 syllable
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian nouns
- Serbo-Croatian masculine nouns
- Serbo-Croatian terms with archaic senses
- Serbo-Croatian prepositions
- Serbo-Croatian terms with usage examples
- Serbo-Croatian proscribed terms
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/aj
- Rhymes:Silesian/aj/1 syllable
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian nouns
- Silesian masculine nouns
- Silesian inanimate nouns
- szl:Government
- Slovak terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Slovak terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Slovak 1-syllable words
- Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovak lemmas
- Slovak nouns
- Slovak masculine nouns
- Slovak inanimate nouns
- Slovak terms with declension stroj
- Slovene terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Slovene terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Slovene 1-syllable words
- Slovene terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovene lemmas
- Slovene nouns
- Slovene masculine inanimate nouns
- Slovene masculine nouns
- Slovene inanimate nouns
- Slovene terms with usage examples
- Slovene masculine soft o-stem nouns
- Slovene nouns with accent alternations
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian lemmas
- Upper Sorbian nouns
- Upper Sorbian masculine nouns
- Upper Sorbian inanimate nouns