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Egyptian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Plural form of pw.
Determiner
m pl proximal, later vocative demonstrative determiner
- (Old Egyptian) these
- (Middle Egyptian, archaizing) O (vocative reference)
Usage notes
This demonstrative was originally a determiner but could later be used alone, like a pronoun. When used as a determiner it follows the noun it describes.
In Old Egyptian it forms a contrastive pair with the demonstrative jpf, in which jpw is proximal.
Its use in Middle Egyptian texts is an archaism.
In Old Egyptian this form is also used for the dual. Traditionally this is interpreted as a summary writing of a special dual form jpwj (attested as such only in archaizing Middle Egyptian texts). An alternative possible interpretation is that there simply was no distinction between the masculine dual and plural demonstrative determiners.
Inflection
Old Egyptian demonstratives
|
|
determiners
|
pronouns1
|
adverbs
|
| number
|
singular
|
dual
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plural
|
unmarked
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| gender
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masculine
|
feminine
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
unmarked
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| proximal to speaker
|
pn
|
tn
|
*jpnj
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jptnj, jptntj
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jpn
|
jptn
|
nn
|
—
|
| distal
|
pf
|
tf
|
*jpfj
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*jptfj, *jptftj
|
jpf
|
jptf
|
nf
|
—
|
| proximal to spoken of
|
pj, pw, p
|
tj, tw
|
jpwj
|
jptwj, jptwtj
|
jpw
|
jptw, jptwt
|
nw
|
—
|
| vocative
|
pꜣ
|
tꜣ
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
nꜣ
|
ꜥꜣ
|
- Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
|
Middle Egyptian demonstratives
|
|
determiners and pronouns
|
adverbs
|
| number
|
singular
|
plural1
|
| gender
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
unmarked
|
| proximal
|
pn
|
tn
|
nn
|
ꜥn
|
| distal
|
pf, pfꜣ
|
tf, tfꜣ
|
nf, nfꜣ
|
ꜥf
|
| ‘copula’ and vocative
|
pw, pwy
|
tw, twy
|
nw
|
—
|
| anaphoric
|
pꜣ
|
tꜣ
|
nꜣ
|
ꜥꜣ
|
- Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.
|
Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
|
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
plural
|
|
adverb
|
| pronoun
|
pꜣw
|
dj
|
| determiners and pronouns
|
pꜣj
|
tꜣj
|
nꜣj
|
| possessive determiners1
|
pꜣy
|
tꜣy
|
nꜣy
|
| relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)
|
p-n, pꜣ
|
t-nt, tꜣ
|
nꜣyw, nꜣ
|
| definite articles
|
pꜣ
|
tꜣ
|
nꜣ2
|
| indefinite articles
|
wꜥ2
|
nhꜣy2
|
- Used with suffix pronouns.
- Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jpw
|
|
|
|
| jpw
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jpw
|
pw
|
|
|
|
[Old Egyptian]
|
|
|
|
uncommon
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Etymology 2
Proper noun
m./f. topo.
- Akhmim or Panopolis, a city in Upper Egypt
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jpw
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|
|
|
| jp
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jwpw
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jwp
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| [New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[Greco-Roman Period]
|
|
|
in hieratic
|
Derived terms
Descendants
Etymology 3
From jp (“to count, to assess, to assign”) + -w.
Noun
m
- (chiefly Late Egyptian) inventory, list, tax record
Inflection
Declension of jpw (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jpw
Noun
m
- levy, duty, payments [18th Dynasty]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jpw
References
- “jpw (lemma ID 854318)”, “Jp.w (lemma ID 24360)”, “jp.w (lemma ID 24340)”, and “jp.w (lemma ID 24330)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 67.1–67.2, 69, 69.6–69.7
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 16–17
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 55.
- Edel, Elmar (1955-1964) Altägyptische Grammatik, volume 1, Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, § 182 et seq., page 83 et seq.
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1929) The Plural and Dual in Old Egyptian, Bruxelles: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth, § 59, pages 60–61
