-ula
Translingual
Etymology
From Latin -ula. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, whence no longer productive English -le (as in dimple and nozzle), Dutch -el, German -el.
Suffix
-ula
Derived terms
- See -ula at Wikispecies.
English
Etymology
Borrowed from Latin -ula.[1] Doublet of -ule.
Suffix
-ula
Usage notes
- The suffix is not very productive in English and most common in words directly borrowed from Latin.
Derived terms
References
- ^ “-ula, suffix”, in OED Online
, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.
Finnish
Etymology
Suffix
-ula (front vowel harmony variant -ylä, linguistic notation -UlA)
- Forms diminutive nouns.
Usage notes
- The suffix is productive. See, for instance, vempula.
Declension
| Inflection of -ula (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ula | -ulat | |
| genitive | -ulan | -uloiden -uloitten | |
| partitive | -ulaa | -uloita | |
| illative | -ulaan | -uloihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ula | -ulat | |
| accusative | nom. | -ula | -ulat |
| gen. | -ulan | ||
| genitive | -ulan | -uloiden -uloitten -ulain rare | |
| partitive | -ulaa | -uloita | |
| inessive | -ulassa | -uloissa | |
| elative | -ulasta | -uloista | |
| illative | -ulaan | -uloihin | |
| adessive | -ulalla | -uloilla | |
| ablative | -ulalta | -uloilta | |
| allative | -ulalle | -uloille | |
| essive | -ulana | -uloina | |
| translative | -ulaksi | -uloiksi | |
| abessive | -ulatta | -uloitta | |
| instructive | — | -uloin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -ula (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
Latin
Etymology 1
Probably from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom, suffix forming instrumental nouns, with simplification of the suffix-initial stop when it came after another stop. However, the details of the development are debated.
The words rēgula and tēgula are notable in showing a lengthened vowel relative to the base verbs regō and tegō. Sihler (1979) reconstructs *-dʰl- in rēgula and tēgula; in contrast, Nielsen (1998) reconstructs *-tl-, suggesting that the lengthened vowels are the result of Lachmann's Law before a sequence of originally voiced + voiceless stop (as in the participles rēctus and tēctus).[1] As this would be expected to result in forms with voiceless stops (*rēcula and *tēcula), Nielsen proposes that either the voiced stop /g/ was reintroduced by analogy, or a phonetic change caused /k/ to be voiced when preceded by a long vowel and followed by /l/ across a morpheme boundary (*rēk-la, *tēk-la > *rēg-la, *tēg-la); this is supported by two additional proposed etymologies, *strāto-lo- > *strāk-lo- > *strāg-lo- > strāgulum and *trājak-kla > *trāk-la > *trāg-la > trāgula. (Voicing of a stop before /l/ in a heterosyllabic cluster might also be seen in neglego, and is argued by Sen 2015 to have occurred in pūblicus; in contrast, a voiceless stop can be found after a morpheme boundary in instrument nouns in -culum such as pōculum).
Alternatively, related to the suffix -ulus used to form some deverbal agent nouns such as gerulus, gerula.[2]
Compare instrument nouns in -ulum.
Pronunciation
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /u.la/, [ʊɫ̪ä]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /u.la/, [ulä] (stressed on the antepenult)
Suffix
-ula f (genitive -ulae); first declension
- Noun suffix denoting instrument.
Declension
First-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -ula | -ulae |
| Genitive | -ulae | -ulārum |
| Dative | -ulae | -ulīs |
| Accusative | -ulam | -ulās |
| Ablative | -ulā | -ulīs |
| Vocative | -ula | -ulae |
Derived terms
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
- -ula: (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /u.la/, [ʊɫ̪ä]
- -ula: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /u.la/, [ulä]
- -ulā: (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /u.laː/, [ʊɫ̪äː]
- -ulā: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /u.la/, [ulä]
Suffix
-ula
- inflection of -ulus:
Suffix
-ulā
References
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Nielsen, Benedicte (2004) “On Latin instrument-nouns in */-lo-/”, in James Clackson and Birgit Anette Olsen, editors, Indo-European Word Formation (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European; 2), Museum Tusculanum Press, pages 189-213
- ^ Ranjan Sen (2015) Syllable and Segment in Latin, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 131-132, 152-153
Polish
Etymology
Compare Russian -у́ля (-úlja).
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈu.la/
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -ula
- Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
Suffix
-ula f
Declension
Derived terms
Further reading
- -ula in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Translingual terms derived from Latin
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual suffixes
- English terms borrowed from Latin
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from Latin
- English terms derived from Proto-Italic
- English doublets
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- Finnish terms suffixed with -la (diminutive)
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish suffixes
- Finnish noun-forming suffixes
- Finnish kulkija-type nominals
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin 2-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin noun-forming suffixes
- Latin first declension suffixes
- Latin feminine suffixes in the first declension
- Latin feminine suffixes
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin suffix forms
- Polish 2-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/ula
- Rhymes:Polish/ula/2 syllables
- Polish lemmas
- Polish suffixes
- Polish feminine suffixes