99853 documents matched the search for emissions tax in titles and keywords.
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Effectiveness of a CO2 tax on industrial emissions, Cristian Mardones and Belén Flores,
in Energy Economics
(2018)
Keywords: Taxes; Emissions; CO2;
Efficient CO2 emissions control with emissions taxes and international emissions trading, Thomas Eichner and Rüdiger Pethig,
in European Economic Review
(2009)
Keywords: Emissions taxes Emissions trading International trade
Efficient CO2 Emissions Control with National Emissions Taxes and International Emissions Trading, Thomas Eichner and Rüdiger Pethig,
from CESifo
(2007)
Keywords: emissions taxes, emissions trading, international trade
The Effects of Differentiated Emission Taxes, Shiro Takeda and 史郎 武田,
from Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University
(2001)
Keywords: Emission, the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model, differentiated emission taxes
Durable Emissions and Optimal Pigouvian Taxes, Rajeev Goel and Edward W. T. Hsieh,
in Public Finance Review
(2004)
Keywords: Pigouvian taxes; monopoly; durable emissions
A Note on Emissions Taxes and Incomplete Information, Carlos Chavez and John Stranlund,
from University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Resource Economics
(2008)
Keywords: Emissions Taxes, Incomplete Information, Uncertainty
Combining emissions trading and emissions taxes in a multi-objective world, Paul Lehmann,
from Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Division of Social Sciences (ÖKUS)
(2010)
Keywords: policy mix, emissions trading, emissions tax, efficiency
Combining emissions trading and emissions taxes in a multi-objective world, Paul Lehmann,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2010)
Keywords: policy mix; emissions trading; emissions tax; efficiency
EU-Type Carbon Emissions Trade and the Distributional Impact of Overlapping Emissions Taxes, Thomas Eichner and Rüdiger Pethig,
from CESifo
(2009)
Keywords: emissions taxes, emissions trading, international trade
EU-type carbon emissions trade and the distributional impact of overlapping emissions taxes, Thomas Eichner and Rüdiger Pethig,
from Universität Siegen, Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Wirtschaftsinformatik und Wirtschaftsrecht
(2009)
Keywords: emissions taxes, emissions trading, international trade
Taxing and trading carbon emissions in the EU: Distributional comparisons of mixed policies, Thomas Eichner and Rüdiger Pethig,
from Universität Siegen, Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Wirtschaftsinformatik und Wirtschaftsrecht
(2009)
Keywords: emissions cap, emissions tax, emissions trading
International emissions trading with endogenous taxes, Odd Godal and Bjart Holtsmark,
from Statistics Norway, Research Department
(2010)
Keywords: International emissions trading; global externality; endogenous endowments; emissions taxes.
Regional Effects in China of an Emissions-Reduction Policy: Tax v. Subsidy, Anping Chen and Nicolaas Groenewold,
from European Regional Science Association
(2013)
Keywords: Emissions Reduction; Tax; Subsidy
On optimal emission control: Taxes, substitution and business cycles, Jussi Lintunen and Lauri Vilmi,
from Bank of Finland
(2013)
Keywords: optimal emission tax, cyclical properties
Pollution havens? Carbon taxes, globalization, and the geography of emissions, Christofer Schroeder and Livio Stracca,
from European Central Bank
(2023)
Keywords: carbon leakage, carbon taxes, emissions
Bankruptcy Risk and Imperfectly Enforced Emissions Taxes, John Stranlund and Wei Zhang,
from University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Resource Economics
(2008)
Keywords: Bankruptcy, Emissions Taxes, Limited Liability
Footprint analysis and the incidence of emission taxes, Thijs ten Raa and Rob Stahlie,
in Ecological Economics
(2024)
Keywords: Footprint analysis; Engel curves; Emission taxes; Regressivity;
EU-type carbon emissions trade and the distributional impact of overlapping emissions taxes, Thomas Eichner and Rüdiger Pethig,
in Journal of Regulatory Economics
(2010)
Keywords: H21, H22, Q56, Emissions taxes, Emissions trading, International trade,
Timing of Emissions and Effects of Emission Taxes in Durable-Goods Oligopolies, Amagoia Sagasta and Usategui José M.,
in The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy
(2018)
Keywords: durable good, emission taxes, environmental damage, imperfect competition, timing of emissions
Global Emission Taxes and Port Privatization Policies under International Competition, Feng Pian, Lili Xu, Yuyan Chen and Sang-Ho Lee,
in Sustainability
(2020)
Keywords: port privatization; emission taxes; international competition; emission tax coordination
Assessment of the Dependence of GHG Emissions on the Support and Taxes in the EU Countries, Astrida Miceikienė, Kristina Gesevičienė and Daiva Rimkuvienė,
in Sustainability
(2021)
Keywords: GHG emissions; support; environmental taxes
Refunding Emissions Taxes: The Case For A Three-Part Policy, Philippe Bontems,
from HAL
(2019)
Keywords: refunded emission taxes,regulation design,pollution
Social welfare Promotion, Carbon Emission and Tax, Haider Ellalee and Walid Y. Alali,
from ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics
(2022)
Keywords: Social welfare, Carbon Tax, Carbon Emission, Environment
Emission Tax or Standard? The Role of Productivity Dispersion, Zhe Li and Shouyong Shi,
from University of Toronto, Department of Economics
(2010)
Keywords: emission tax; standard; productivity dispersion;abatement.
Green Consumers, Emission Taxes, and Firm Relocation, Laura Birg and Jan Voßwinkel,
from Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association
(2020)
Keywords: environmental policy, emission tax, green consumers, relocation
Social welfare Promotion, Carbon Emission and Tax, Haider Ellalee and Walid Y. Alali,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2022)
Keywords: Social welfare, Carbon Tax, Carbon Emission, Environment
Refunding Emissions Taxes: The Case For A Three-Part Policy, Bontems Philippe,
in The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy
(2019)
Keywords: refunded emission taxes, regulation design, pollution
An emission tax pollution control system with imperfect monitoring, Hsiao-Chi Chen and Shi-Miin Liu,
in Environmental Economics and Policy Studies
(2009)
Keywords: Emission tax, Perfect monitoring, Imperfect monitoring,
An emission tax pollution control system with imperfect monitoring, Hsiao-Chi Chen and Shi-Miin Liu,
in Environmental Economics and Policy Studies
(2009)
Keywords: Emission tax, Perfect monitoring, Imperfect monitoring
Emissions taxes under double-sided environmental externalities, Ghina Abdul Baki, Hassan Benchekroun and Walid Marrouch,
in Economics Letters
(2024)
Keywords: Environmental externality; Abatement; Emission tax; Market power;
Refunding Emissions Taxes: The Case For A Three-Part Policy, Philippe Bontems,
from Toulouse School of Economics (TSE)
(2018)
Keywords: refunded emission taxes; regulation design; pollution
Should We Impose Emissions Taxes That Firms Evade?, John Stranlund,
from University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Resource Economics
(2010)
Keywords: compliance, enforcement, emissions taxes, monitoring, sanctions, uncertainty
Incidence of unilateral consumption taxes on world carbon emissions, Thomas Eichner and Rüdiger Pethig,
from Universität Siegen, Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Wirtschaftsinformatik und Wirtschaftsrecht
(2011)
Keywords: unilateral consumption tax, world emissions, leakage
On Refunding of Emission Taxes and Technology Diffusion, Jessica Coria and Kristina Mohlin,
in Strategic Behavior and the Environment
(2017)
Keywords: Emission tax, Refund, Abatement technology, Technology diffusion, Imperfect competition
A Note on Emissions Taxes and Incomplete Information, Carlos Chavez and John Stranlund,
in Environmental & Resource Economics
(2009)
Keywords: Emissions taxes, Asymmetric information, Incomplete information, Uncertainty, L51, Q28,
Impact of Environmental Tax Collection on CO2 Emission in Vietnam, Hoa Dinh Thi, Kim Anh Vu Thi, Duyen Ly Phuong, Thu Van Pham and Chau Hoang Thi Minh,
in International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
(2020)
Keywords: CO2, Emission, Environmental Tax, Excise Tax, Population, Vietnam
Competition in emissions standards and capital taxes with local pollution, Thomas Eichner and Rüdiger Pethig,
in Regional Science and Urban Economics
(2018)
Keywords: Emissions standard; Capital tax; Local pollution; Tax competition;
Optimal emission tax with pre-existing distortions, Arwin Pang and Daigee Shaw,
in Environmental Economics and Policy Studies
(2011)
Keywords: Green tax reform, Optimal emission tax rate, H2, Q0,
The effect of carbon tax on per capita CO2 emissions, Boqiang Lin and Xuehui Li,
in Energy Policy
(2011)
Keywords: Per capita CO2 emissions Carbon tax Tax exemption
Who Should Bear the Administrative Costs of an Emissions Tax?, John Stranlund and Carlos Chavez,
from University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Resource Economics
(2011)
Keywords: Emissions Taxes, Pigouvian Taxes, Administrative Costs, Pollution Control
The Role of Carbon Taxes in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Mehmet Nar,
in International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
(2021)
Keywords: Carbon Taxes, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Energy Taxes, Externalities
Who should bear the administrative costs of an emissions tax?, John Stranlund and Carlos Chavez,
in Journal of Regulatory Economics
(2013)
Keywords: Emission taxes, Pigouvian taxes, Administrative costs, Pollution control, L51, Q58,
Are fuel taxes redundant when an emission tax is introduced for life-cycle emissions?, Hiroaki Ino and Toshihiro Matsumura,
from School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University
(2024)
Keywords: fuel tax, emission tax, optimal taxation, carbon pricing, vehicle industry,fuel efficiency
Are fuel taxes redundant when an emission tax is introduced for life-cycle emissions?, Hiroaki Ino and Toshihiro Matsumura,
in Economics Letters
(2024)
Keywords: Fuel tax; Emission tax; Optimal taxation; Carbon pricing; Vehicle industry; Fuel efficiency;
Analysis of Carbon Tax on Selected European Countries: Does Carbon Tax Reduce Emissions?, Ali Eren Alper,
in Applied Economics and Finance
(2018)
Keywords: carbon tax, emission, panel data
Emission Taxes and Damage Thresholds in the Presence of Pre-existing Regulations, Ross McKitrick,
from University of Guelph, Department of Economics and Finance
(2017)
Keywords: emissions taxes, tax interactions, second-best, carbon taxes
Tax versus regulations: Polluters’ incentives for loosening industry emission targets, Kosuke Hirose, Akifumi Ishihara and Toshihiro Matsumura,
in Energy Economics
(2024)
Keywords: Net-zero emission industry; Emission cap; Emission intensity; Emission tax; Emission equivalence; Profit ranking;
Cross-country Emission Tax Effect of Mergers, Mahelet Fikru and Luis Gautier,
in Arthaniti: Journal of Economic Theory and Practice
(2023)
Keywords: Merger and acquisition; trans-boundary pollution; product differentiation; cooperative emission tax; non-cooperative emission tax
Emissions Cap or Emissions Tax? A Multi-sector Business Cycle Analysis, Yazid Dissou and Lilia Karnizova,
from University of Ottawa, Department of Economics
(2012)
Keywords: cap-and-trade; carbon tax; emissions; business cycle; multiple sectors
Emissions cap or emissions tax? A multi-sector business cycle analysis, Yazid Dissou and Lilia Karnizova,
in Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
(2016)
Keywords: Cap-and-trade; Carbon tax; Emissions; Business cycle; Multiple sectors;
Distribution matters: Taxes vs. emissions trading in post Kyoto climate regimes, Sonja Peterson and Gernot Klepper,
from Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel)
(2007)
Keywords: Emission targets, Emission trading, Taxes, Distribution, Post Kyoto
The effect of production- versus consumption-based emission tax under demand uncertainty, Jie Ren, Xi Chen and Jian Hu,
in International Journal of Production Economics
(2020)
Keywords: Emission tax; Green technology; Emission abatement; Sustainability; Newsvendor model;
Abstinence with Reputation Loss, Understating Expectations and Guiltand the Effectiveness of Emission Tax, Amnon Levy,
from School of Economics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
(2011)
Keywords: Emission Tax; Abstinence; Understating Expectations; Guilt; Global Emissions
Abstinence with Reputation Loss, Understating Expectations and Guiltand the Effectiveness of Emission Tax, Amnon Levy,
from School of Economics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
(2011)
Keywords: Emission Tax; Abstinence; Understating Expectations; Guilt; Global Emissions
Optimal coverage of an emission tax in the presence of monitoring, reporting, and verification costs, Stéphane De Cara, Loïc Henry and Pierre-Alain Jayet,
from HAL
(2018)
Keywords: Climate policy,Emission tax,Partial coverage,Greenhouse gas emissions,Agriculture
Optimal coverage of an emission tax in the presence of monitoring, reporting, and verification costs, Stéphane De Cara, Loïc Henry and Pierre-Alain Jayet,
in Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
(2018)
Keywords: Climate policy; Emission tax; Partial coverage; Greenhouse gas emissions; Agriculture;
Relative Emission Standard versus Tax under Oligopoly: The Role of Free Entry, Sajal Lahiri and Yoshiyasu Ono,
in Journal of Economics
(2007)
Keywords: pollution, environment, emission tax, emission standard, welfare, F2, H2,
Carbon emissions reduction and tax evasion behaviour: a trade-off between environmental goals and economic feasibility, Ahmed Yamen and Hounaida Mersni,
in Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting
(2023)
Keywords: Tax evasion, Carbon emission, Sustainability
Mitigation Effect of Carbon Emission Tax in Dairy Farming: An Empirical Study of Heilongjiang Province in China, Shuai Shi, Yu Jing and Cuixia Li,
in Sustainability
(2019)
Keywords: carbon emission tax; mitigation; heterogeneity
The Relationship Between the Environmental Tax Revenues and the Greenhouse Gas Emission in Romania, Liviu Andrei Toader, Florentina Chitu and Dorel Mihai Paraschiv,
in Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series
(2023)
Keywords: greenhouse gas emissions, revenues, taxes, Romania
Bankruptcy Risk, Limited Liability and Imperfectly Enforced Emissions Taxes, John Stranlund and Wei Zhang,
in Economics Bulletin
(2009)
Keywords: Emissions Taxes, Enforcement, Bankruptcy, Limited Liability
Optimal emissions tax rates under habit formation and social comparisons, Ying Tung Chan,
in Energy Policy
(2020)
Keywords: Emissions tax rate; Habit formation; Social comparisons;
Supplementing an emissions tax by a feed-in tariff for renewable electricity to address learning spillovers, Paul Lehmann,
in Energy Policy
(2013)
Keywords: Emissions tax; Feed-in tariff; Technological change;
China's emissions trading system and an ETS-carbon tax hybrid, Jing Cao, Mun Ho, Dale Jorgenson and Chris P. Nielsen,
in Energy Economics
(2019)
Keywords: Emission trading; Carbon tax; Energy modeling;
Does it pay to be green? The impact of emissions reduction on corporate tax burden, Huaqing Wu, Ling Wang and Fei Peng,
in Journal of Asian Economics
(2024)
Keywords: Green; Emissions reduction; Corporate tax burden; China;
Emission taxes and environmental R&D risk choices in a duopoly market, Mingqing Xing, Tingting Tan and Xia Wang,
in Economic Modelling
(2021)
Keywords: Risk; Environmental R&D; Emission tax; Duopoly;
Transportation taxes and CO2 emissions nexus in BCIST economies: Implication for environmental sustainability, Muhammad Tayyab Sohail, Sana Ullah and Muhammad Tariq Majeed,
in Energy & Environment
(2024)
Keywords: transportation taxes; CO2 emissions; BCIST; NARDL
THE SENSITIVITY OF CO2 EMISSIONS UNDER A CARBON TAX TO ALTERNATIVE BASELINE FORECASTS, Yunguang Chen, Lawrence H. Goulder and Marc Hafstead,
in Climate Change Economics (CCE)
(2018)
Keywords: Carbon tax, CGE modeling, emissions sensitivity, climate
Emissions-Based Vehicle Tax Reform for Cyprus: A Simulation Analysis, Tryfonas Christodoulou and Sofronis Clerides,
in Cyprus Economic Policy Review
(2012)
Keywords: CO2 emissions, vehicle taxation, carbon taxes
Emission Taxes and Tradeable Permits A Comparison of Views on Long-Run Efficiency, John Pezzey,
in Environmental & Resource Economics
(2003)
Keywords: efficiency, emission taxes, exemptions, thresholds, tradeable permits,
Does a Carbon Tax Reduce CO2 Emissions? Evidence from British Columbia, Felix Pretis,
in Environmental & Resource Economics
(2022)
Keywords: Carbon tax, CO2 emissions, Regulation, Break detection
Effects of Mixed Oligopoly and Emission Taxes on the Market and Environment, Woohyung Lee, Tohru Naito and Ki-Dong Lee,
in Korean Economic Review
(2017)
Keywords: Emission Tax, Mixed Oligopoly, Environmental Damage, Pollution Abatement
Emission Taxes, Firm Relocation, and Quality Differences, Jan Voßwinkel and Laura Birg,
from Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association
(2018)
Keywords: relocation, environmental policy, vertical quality differences, emission tax
Joint Design of Emission Tax and Trading Systems, Bernard Caillaud and Gabrielle Demange,
in Annals of Economics and Statistics
(2017)
Keywords: Climate Policies, Cap-and-Trade Mechanisms, Emission Tax, Uncertainty
Joint Design of Emission Tax and Trading Systems, Bernard Caillaud and Gabrielle Demange,
from HAL
(2016)
Keywords: climate policies,cap-and-trade mechanisms,emission tax,uncertainty
Joint Design of Emission Tax and Trading Systems, Bernard Caillaud and Gabrielle Demange,
from HAL
(2016)
Keywords: climate policies,cap-and-trade mechanisms,emission tax,uncertainty
Emission taxes and the market for abatement goods and services, Maia David, Alain-Désiré Nimubona and Bernard Sinclair-Desgagné,
in Resource and Energy Economics
(2011)
Keywords: Eco-industry Free-entry oligopoly Endogenous market structure Emission tax
Emission taxes, firm relocation, and quality differences, Laura Birg and Jan Voßwinkel,
from University of Goettingen, Department of Economics
(2018)
Keywords: relocation, environmental policy, vertical quality differences, emission tax
Emission taxes, firm relocation, and product differentiation, Laura Birg and Jan S. Voßwinkel,
in European Journal of Law and Economics
(2021)
Keywords: Relocation, Environmental policy, Vertical quality differences, Emission tax
The Signaling Effect of Emission Taxes Under International Duopoly, Akira Miyaoka,
in Environmental & Resource Economics
(2019)
Keywords: Strategic environmental policy, Emission taxes, Signaling, Cournot duopoly, Race to the bottom
Imperfect competition, emissions tax and the Porter hypothesis, Flavio Menezes and Jorge Pereira,
from School of Economics, University of Queensland, Australia
(2023)
Keywords: Technology; R&D; Environment; Policy; Emission tax; Subsidy; Porter Hypothesis
Negotiating a uniform emissions tax in international environmental agreements, David McEvoy and Matthew McGinty,
in Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
(2018)
Keywords: Global public goods; Uniform emissions tax; International environmental agreements; Externalities;
Emission Tax and Compensation Subsidy with Cross-Industry Pollution, Kuang-Feng Cheng, Chien-Shu Tsai, Chu-Chuan Hsu, Szu-Chung Lin, Ting-Chung Tsai and Jen-Yao Lee,
in Sustainability
(2019)
Keywords: production externality; productivity of labor; emission tax; labor subsidy
Taxing Strategies for Carbon Emissions: A Bilevel Optimization Approach, Wei Wei, Yile Liang, Feng Liu, Shengwei Mei and Fang Tian,
in Energies
(2014)
Keywords: bilevel optimization; carbon emission; tax; mixed-integer linear programming
Lobbying, Time Preferences and Emission Tax Policy, Teun Schrieks, Julia Swart, Fujin Zhou and Wouter Botzen,
in Economics of Disasters and Climate Change
(2023)
Keywords: Discounting, Carbon pricing, Emission Tax, Lobbying, Political Economy, Time preferences
Commitment or no-commitment to monitoring in emission tax systems?, Hsiao-Chi Chen, Shi-Miin Liu and Chiung-Yun Chang,
in Environmental Economics and Policy Studies
(2013)
Keywords: Commitment, Emission tax, Fine, Monitoring, No-commitment, Q50, Q58,
An integrated tax-subsidy policy for carbon emission reduction, Gregmar Galinato and Jonathan Yoder,
in Resource and Energy Economics
(2010)
Keywords: Non-renewable resources Carbon tax Carbon dioxide emissions Revenue neutral
Endogenous timing in private and mixed duopolies with emission taxes, Sang-Ho Lee and Lili Xu,
in Journal of Economics
(2018)
Keywords: Emission tax, Endogenous timing, Mixed duopoly, Private duopoly
Emission tax and optimal privatization in Cournot–Bertrand comparison, Lili Xu, Sumi Cho and Sang-Ho Lee,
in Economic Modelling
(2016)
Keywords: Emission tax; Partial privatization; Product differentiation; Cournot–Bertrand Comparison;
Endogenous timing in private and mixed duopolies with emission taxes, Sang-Ho Lee and Lili Xu,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2017)
Keywords: Emission tax; Endogenous timing; Mixed duopoly; Private duopoly
The Design of Emission Taxes in Markets with New Firm Acquisitions, Luis Gautier and Mahelet Fikru,
in Environmental & Resource Economics
(2024)
Keywords: Emission tax, Pollution abatement, Start-ups, Free entry and exit, M&A
The Impact of Policy Diffusion on Optimal Emission Taxes, Peter Michaelis and Thomas Ziesemer,
from Universitaet Augsburg, Institute for Economics
(2012)
Keywords: strategic environmental policy, emission tax, policy diffusion, sequential decision-making
Abatement Innovation in a Cournot Oligopoly: Emission versus Output Tax Incentives, Naoto Aoyama and Emilson Silva,
from CESifo
(2016)
Keywords: externalities, output taxes, emission taxes, technology adoption, Cournot duopoly
Tax Haven Welfare and the Crackdown on Secrecy: Evidence from Night Light Emissions, Hoang Ha Nguyen Thi and Alfons Weichenrieder,
from CESifo
(2023)
Keywords: tax haven, night light emissions, tax information exchange, economic development
Comparing Policies to Combat Emissions Leakage: Border Tax Adjustments versus Rebates, Carolyn Fischer and Alan Fox,
from Resources for the Future
(2009)
Keywords: environmental tax, rebate, border tax adjustment, emissions leakage, climate
Delegation and Emission Tax in a Differentiated Oligopoly, Rupayan Pal,
from East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
(2009)
Keywords: Emission tax, price competition, product differentiation, quantity competition, strategic managerial delegation
Delegation and emission tax in a differentiated oligopoly, Rupayan Pal,
from Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India
(2009)
Keywords: Emission tax, price competition, product differentiation, quantity competition, strategic managerial delegation
Modelling the impacts of a carbon emission-differentiated vehicle tax system on CO2 emissions intensity from new vehicle purchases in Ireland, S. Giblin and A. McNabola,
in Energy Policy
(2009)
Keywords: Carbon tax CO2 emissions Energy usage
The optimal fuel and emission tax combination for life-cycle emissions under imperfect competition, Hiroaki Ino and Toshihiro Matsumura,
from School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University
(2023)
Keywords: fuel tax, emission tax, carbon pricing, heterogeneous consumers, vehicle industry
Emission taxes and standards in a general equilibrium with entry and exit, Zhe Li and Jianfei Sun,
in Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control
(2015)
Keywords: General equilibrium; Productivity dispersion; Entry and exit; Abatement technology; Emission tax; Emission standard;
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