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- Internal and international Rural Indirect measurements: Change in time to collect animal fodder; change in time to collect firewood for fuel; change in agricultural productivity, change in the quality of drinking water; and population density Yes 25 Carvajal and Pereira (2009) Nicaragua (LSMS) Wealth, and whether the sector of origin is rural or urban, are correlated with the likelihood of migration.
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- International Rainfall and temperature deviations from the long-run average (Dummy taking value 1 if above the 90th percentile); Natural disasters Yes 24 Bohra-Mishra and Massey (2011) Chitwan Valley Family Study (CVFS) for Nepal from February 1997 to January 2006 Using a (pooled) multinomial logit, local migration is associated with increase in the time to collect fodder, time required to collect firewood, a perceived decrease in crop production and an increase in population density but not with a change in water quality. Only time to collect fodder is associated with longerdistance migration.
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- Standardized Precipitation Index No 46 Warner (2010) Mozambique, Vietnam, Egypt (EACH-FOR) Environmental factors (flooding in Mozambique and Vietnam, desertification and sea-level rise in Egypt) contribute to migration, especially via their effect on livelihoods Flooding, Desertification, sealevel rise (not panel data) Yes (D) Papers describing empirical evidence of climate effects on migration through the income differential driver Continued on next Paper Country(data sets) Finding Migration type Origin Environmental measure CCa 47 Beine and Parsons (2012) Bilateral panel migration data for 137 origin and 166 destination countries between 1960 and 2000 Little direct impact of climate change on international migration. Indirect impact of natural disasters through wage differentials in LDC countries only.
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