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LETTER

TO

MR. KEATE,

SURGEOK-GENER/IL TO THE FORCES

BY ROBERT JACKSON, M. D.

LONDON:

SOLD BY J. MURRAY, FLEET STREET

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RewortJt, Printer, Bell Yard, Temple Ba?»

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ADVERTISEMENT.

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THE following letter has been forced from

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me through necessity. The language of it, I am sensible, is sometimes indecorous as lan¬ guage addressed to gentlemen ; and, as such, it would be inadmissible if the military courts were open to me. But, as these are shut by the circumstances in which I am placed, and, as my character has been attacked insidiously and in a manner singularly aggravating, while I publicly executed my professional duties, I have no remedy of redress left, except the full and open mode of refutation through the press which I have now gone into. It may, per¬ haps, appear to some that I speak insubordi- nately in thus addressing persons of superior official rank to myself ; but the mode of pro-

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( iv )

ceeding, which the physician general and sur- geon genera] adopted with regard to me, has completely absolved me from whatever official connexion might be otherwise supposed to exist between us. Released therefore from all official restraint, I speak without reserve— fear¬ ful only of offending the Truth.

LETTER

LETTER, &c.

SlR,

IN my letter to the military commissioners* elated J uly 50th, I trust I proved to their, and even to your own fullest conviction that the objections, which you make to my statements and opinions respecting the Medical Department of the army, are only subterfuges — not refu¬ tations, either in fact or argument, of what I advance on that subject. That task I considered as an official dis¬ charge of duty, and I hope I have fully acquitted it. It now remains for me to address a few words to yourself on your own account, your particular attention to me hav¬ ing also made this necessary. I shall endeavour to be short ; for, as there can be no courteous intercourse be¬ tween you and me, the sooner our business is ended the better. If you have misstated any thing through ignorance, I shall not charge it against you ; but if you, wittingly and wilfully, misrepresent the truth, you must not take it amiss, or consider it as insubordinate, because you are surgeon general, that I freely and fully expose it. You hold an official situation of some importance in the army ; I have also been in the public service, and, though not now employed, I am not interdicted by the laws of the land from speaking truth which may benefit the public ; and I cannot, I believe, benefit the public more effec¬ tually than by exhibiting a true picture of yourself, who

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are

( % )

arc one of its confidential servants. If your conduct has been correct, you will meet with the approbation of your superiors, and retain their confidence; if otherwise, you may be degraded, perhaps dismissed from your office ; and, if you be such as I state you to be, there will not be much cause to mourn your loss.

You pretend to give some account of me in your ob¬ servations on the fifth report of the military commissioners; and, as you have not been very scrupulously correct in stating the fact on many points of that history, it is my duty to furnish you with better information. If you be disposed to doubt the authenticity of the statements which I make, I shall be ready at any time to confront evidence that I may prove the truth in trial ; but I will not, from henceforth, waste time in noticing your calumnies. Indeed I could not have done it now on any other consi¬ deration, but that you are surgeon general of the British army, and that I myself have held responsible appoint¬ ments in the British service ; in consequence of which it is necessary that our official conduct be exposed to the pub¬ lic for judgment, for you decline submitting it to a mili¬ tary tribunal where alone it could be properly judged.

You state in No. VIII. of your Appendix, “ that I served as surgeons mate to the late 71s£ regiment in North America , that I obtained an ensigncy before the end of the zvar , and that I was in fact half pay ensign in Octo¬ ber 1793.” This is true; and there is nothing of reproach in it. I was ensign on half pay in 1793; but I was a phy¬ sician by profession, I w7as known then in the medical ivorld as such; and, without arrogating unduly to myself, I think I may say that the rank of army physician at that time was no promotion to a person who stood on the ground on which I stood : it certainly held out no prospect of pecu¬ niary gain, for the income, arising from the exercise of my

profession

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profession in a respectable neighbourhood where I bore a fair reputation, was equal if not superior to the appoint¬ ment of physician to the forces. But, as I have men¬ tioned on other occasions that the investigation of fever was a subject which occupied my attention, and, as I knew I should have a better opportunity * of prosecuting my views in the army than in civil life, I offered to serve as army physican with the troops which were collecting for an expedition destined for the West Indies, in the month of September 1793. Mr. Hunter was then surgeon ge¬ neral : I was not eligible to the physician's rank according to his rule ; for I had never borne a medical commission, — • consequently my offer was not accepted. My purpose, * in offering service, was principally a professional pur¬ suit ; I therefore presented myself again as ready to take the surgeoncv of a regiment destined for the West Indies, on the condition of being appointed physician on the lirst proper occason. This was sinking rank and foregoing emo¬ lument for the sake of a professional object. The Buff was offered and accepted : the half pay of ensign was sunk; and, thus sunk, it wras a price or equivalent for the surgeoncy obtained: hence it cannot, as you infer, be said in strict propriety that 1 received the surgeon's commission for no¬ thing. The destination of the Buff was changed : it did not go to the West Indies with Sir Charles Grey as w^as intended, and I was disappointed. You were then in- spector of regimental infirmaries, and I recollect to have written to you, stating that 1 would willingly exchange with the surgeon of any of the regiments actually going with Sir Charles Grey's expedition. — You returned for answer that you did not know of any surgeon who wras disposed to exchange ; but you observed to me that, if I would resign the surgeoncy of the Buff, you would re¬ commend me for hospital mate, and assign me a station

in

( 4 )

lfi the West Indies. This I declined. You observe how** ever that you offered me the surgeoncy of the 10th regi¬ ment of foot, which was then in Jamaica. Of this 1 have not the most distant recollection; but, if the offer had been made, as you state, I certainly should not have ac¬ cepted it, as my object lay in the scene of war — not in a peaceable garrison. To this you add that I manifested dissatisfaction ill a very few weeks, and applied for leave to ^ell the commission of surgeon to the Sd regiment or Buff. I do not possess the form of application to which you allude ; but I am confident, from what I know of myself, that you have not represented it fairly. I probably stated to Lord Amherst, (for I have no copy of the letter and do not recollect the circumstances), that I accepted the surgeoncy of the Buff that I might thereby, accord¬ ing to the then existing regulation of the service, become eligible to the office of army physician, and consequently that I might then obtain that appointment. If this condi¬ tion was not to be fulfilled, and particularly as the Buff was not then in orders for foreign service, it is likely I signified my intention of retiring from the army, and that I desired leave to sell the commission of surgeon, or to obtain an ehsigncy for sale, as an equivalent for the half pay which I had given up by accepting a medical appoint¬ ment. This implied no favour or indulgence ; it w as in fact no more than what, in fair reason and justice, I had a right to expect. You remark however that, by your letter to Lord Amherst on this subject, you first incurred my displeasure. That could not be ; for your answer was never communicated to me, and I did not know that such an answer, or such a letter existed until I saw7 it in the Appendix to the observations which you have just now published. The flippancy of the style shews plainly ' that you were young in office, and somewhat petulant in

spirit ;

( 5 )

spirit; but it could not irritate me, for it did not come to my knowledge.

In proceeding with your history of me you observe that “ I found means to ingratiate myselj greatly with some of my military superiors on the Continent.” By the manner in what you express yourself, you seem to insinu¬ ate that I employed unworthy means. It happens fortu¬ nately in this case that my character is generally known in the army, and that no insinuations from the pen of Mr# Keate will be permitted to make impression on it. I have maintained a correct moral conduct through life, and I am, from natural inclination, attentive to the duties of my profession. By these means I obtained, and I continued to preserve the good opinion of all the military officers under whom I ever served; nor am I conscious that I owe promotion to any other cause. It was know7!} in the army in 1794- that I accepted the surgeoncy of the Buff that I might be eligible to the rank of physician ; and it was also known, and it ought not to be concealed from the public that, because I had become a regimental surgeon, I was thereby, according to the regulation of the Medical Board, disqualified from attaining the physician’s rank, or executing the physician’s duty in a military hos¬ pital. This seems incongruous with common sense ; and so perhaps it was considered by the higher powers, for you know7 yourself that one of the early acts of His Royal Highness, Field Marshal Duke of York, after he assumed the office of Commander in Chief in 1795, went to en¬ force my appointment in the army as physician, on the condition of my submitting to the examination of the London College when the circumstances of the ser¬ vice permitted my return to England. I was thus ap¬ pointed acting army physician by the authority of His Royal Highness ; but I was then considered only as acting.

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( 6 )

The examinations, on which the confirmation of the ap¬ pointment depended, had not yet taken place, when I w'as left as head of the hospital staff which remained on the continent with the cavalry. Dr. Kennedy, who had *v served as inspector of hospitals with the continental army, died in the mean time, and I was appointed to succeed him. This was not effected by my own con- trivance as you seem to insinuate ; for, I do not believe that I knew of Dr. Kennedy’s death, when I saw my name in the Gazette as his successor. It was the act of His Royal Highness, the Commander in Chief, and His Royal Highness must be supposed to have had grounds on which to rest his official act. That the Medical Board opposed it, and remonstrated against it, is, I be¬ lieve, true ; and, as the Board did not communicate with me during the time I remained on the continent, as head of the hospital staff, it did not appear to acknowledge the validity of my appointment. You here, as one of the number, shewed resentment ; whether you fulfilled your duty to your Sovereign and the public by so doing, I leave others to judge.

You pretend to give an account of me, but you do not give a complete one, there being a material part of my history which you pass over without notice, or which you designedly obscure. You know that I was inspector of hospitals in 1795, and you know that, called from thence in September for other service, I accompanied the expe¬ dition which was sent to the West-Indies under the com¬ mand of General Sir Ralph Abercrombie, and that I did so with the rank of assistant inspector. This you must know' was optional with myself. It never would have been required of me, consistently with the rules of service, to become assistant inspector from inspector of full rank had I not chosen so to do. This however I

did;

( 7 )

did ; and you may know that I did so for the sake of prosecuting my professional study. I said then, and so did others, that I was treated unfairly in being denied the rank of army physician, for that was the condition under which I entered the service, or accepted a surgeoncy ; but you probably know that I never solicited rank or emolument, either directly or indirectly, after I attained that step ; you even I presume know that I declined accepting the rank of inspector general when it was within my reach. I must also tell you, if you do not know it, that I have ever offered my services to the public when¬ ever I thought they would be useful, but that I never so¬ licited appointments for the sake of their advantages, and that what you now say, viz. “ that I succeeded in getting appointed, without knowledge of the Army Medical Board, physician and head of the hospital for the depot at Chatham is not correctly said, if you mean thereby that any application was made on my part for that situ¬ ation. I in fact, not only made no application for it, but I had no knowledge of the death of Dr. Mitchell, (for I was at a distance from London,) till I had inti¬ mation that the Commander in Chief had nominated me to the succession ; and I have thus reason to think that this act, which was so grievous to the Medical Board, and which was not desired by me, was entirely the act of His Royal Highness, the Duke of York.

You must be sensible, Sir, in your own mind that you do not state facts correctly, and that you are wrong in what you say with regard to the changes and causes of change which took place among the medical officers who were attached to Chatham hospital at the time I entered

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upon duty at that place. I mentioned to you verbally,

for I saw you in London some time after I had made myself acquainted with things at Chatham, that I was

b 4 desirous

( 3 )

desirous of having a surgeon at the depot, whom I knew to be a good operating surgeon. — To this you readily as¬ sented, and charged yourself with giving it effect. The apothecary was removed some time after, — not from objection on my part, but on account of a regulation which took place in the month of March or April, in consequence of which persons of military experience, viz. surgeons or apothecaries, were to be stationed in recruiting districts for the examination of recruits, instead of hos¬ pital mates who were found not to be competent to the duty. Mr. Dowse, the apothecary, was removed to a recruiting district in consequence of this regulation ; and 1 hoped that the removal would have proved an advantage to him, for I considered it as promotion ; and he de¬ served promotion, if humanity, worth, and integrity have any claim. He had besides served His Majesty long, and I should have been glad if Chatham could have af¬ forded him something more comfortable than what he possessed ; but he was not stationed at Chatham in charge of apothecary’s stores, and he did not in fact execute the apothecary’s duty. That, as you know, had been placed in the hands of one of the hospital mates with an extra allowance for supposed extra trouble. Besides a surgeon of my own choice, I also wished to have a medical officer of intelligence and activity to assist in executing the medical duties at the depot, for these seemed to be ex¬ tensive and of a varied nature. — I mentioned to you that I was desirous Dr. Borland should be attached to this duty. He had a physician’s diploma, and he had at the same time the rank of assistant inspector of hospitals, which according to a War Office letter entitled him to act as physician in His Majesty’s hospitals. * He had

been

® The surgeon general observes that the Special Board , appointed to

enquire

( 9 )

been with me in St. Domingo as surgeon to the forces, and in Jersey as assistant inspector of hospitals for the Russian auxiliaries ; so that I was well acquainted with

his

enquire into the management of the hospital in the Isle of Wight, blamed me for depriving Dr. Maclaurin of that participation in the treatment of the sick, which the ( Medical ) Board intended y- and expressly directed tli.at lie should have ; but that it took no noticp of the insubordination ajul diso¬ bedience with which I had persisted to employ as a physician Dr. Borland, a mere surgeon, who hud never been in any way examined respecting his knowledge of physic, not even when he was made an hospital mate.” It is plain, from what the surgeon general himself has put before the public, that Dr. Maclaurin acted the part of a secret informer for the Army Me- dical Board. His informations tended to criminate my conduct ; but ou what points I did not precisely learn. As I hate altercation, and as I did not choose to be disturbed in the execution of my office, I made such arrangement of the sick that Dr. Maclaurin’s duty as a physician ceased.

I informed Mr. Keate himself, in the presence of General Hewett, that', it should not again commence while I remained at Chatham ; nay further,

I informed the Board officially by letter, consequent to their letter of the 4th of July which will appear at its place, that, if ever the circum¬ stances of the depot hospital should render the presence of a regular physician necessary. Dr. Maclaurin was a person that I could not receive. This was plain and open language ; and if it be deemed refractory, it was the duty of the physician general and surgeon general to have chastised it at the time. But, while the facts which 1 have now staled will pro¬ bably be considered as a sufficient justification of what I did with regard to Dr. Maclaurin, I may also defend what I did with regard to assistant inspector Borland by War Office authority, which is higher than that of the Medical Board. Mr. Keate cannot be ignorant that it was expressly ordered, in an official letter from the Secretary at War, that persons holding the rank of assistant inspector should positively and directly do the duty of physician in military hospitals ; and he must also know that Dr. John Wright and Dr. Theodore Gordon were appointed assist¬ ant inspectors of hospitals at St. Domingo under that condition, and ex¬ pressly for that purpose ; the regular physicians, according to Mr. Weir’s representation, not having been found sufficiently effective for medical duty in that climate. This order of the War Office was not, so far as I know, formally revoked ; and it not revoked, it must be supposed to have been in force i$ 1801: hence, in giving medical duty to a com¬ missioned

( 10 >

his intelligence, and could depend on his zeal and acti¬ vity. Dr. Borland's appointment I believe you your¬ self would not have opposed ; but it appears that it was objected to on the part of the physician general, who recommended a regular physician for the Chatham hos¬ pital duty. To the physician named for this service I had no objection on his own account, for I had no knowledge of him ; but I thought that Dr. Borland, as having a general acquaintance with military affairs, would be more useful than a person from civil life, who was a mere physician. I therefore still persisted in expecting that he would be attached to the depot ; and thence it was proposed that, as he would in all probability do physician's duty, he should submit to a medical examination previously to his attachment. This, he at first thought Unnecessary, as he deemed himself entitled to act as phy¬ sician in virtue of the War-Office authority -he how¬ ever at last consented, and, when he consented, the Board, departing from its own proposal, sent him to Chatham to be employed as I thought fit, without admitting him to trial for the purpose of ascertaining his medical quali¬ fication. This is the fact ; and, if so, the Board is re¬ sponsible for all the evils which have arisen from this gentleman’s supposed insufficiency, for it was in the power of Sir Lucas Pepys to try his abilities and judge his fitness before he was permitted to act as army phy¬ sician at the King’s general hospitals.

It is extremely irksome, Sir, to follow you through

missioned assistant inspector of hospitals, I obeyed the just authority; for all orders to me, as head of the depot hospital, could only in strict pro¬ priety be received through a military channel.— -Mr. Keate knew the truth on this subject ; but the disguise suited his purpose, and he knows, from his experience of mankind, that disguise is more attractive and cap¬ tivating than simple trtuh.

your

your details, for it does not seem to be in your nature to state a single point of fact without, in some way or other? perverting its truth. You say “ I had gone to Chatham with the purpose of making considerable innovations in the diet and treatment of the sick according to my own pecu¬ liar notions , and that I had by my sole authority , super¬ seded the diet tables for military hospitals established by His Majesty s regulations, and introduced another which appeared insufficient for the proper nourishment of the patients .” * You further remark “ that Dr. Maclaurin, after remonstrating with me on this subject, as well as on my extraordinary and violent methods of treating the sick, made a formal representation to the Board on these matters on the 8th of June, 1801.” You have here, Sir, brought yourself and the Board into an awkward di¬ lemma, for you have developed a secret, though unde- signedly, that Dr. Maclaurin was your agent, sent to Chatham to bring about a purpose more strictly perhaps for the physician general than yourself. I would be glad, if I could get quit of the subject without mention¬ ing Dr. Maclaurin’s name as he is not living to answer for himself ; but, us that cannot be done, it is necessary to say in the first place that Dr. Maclaurin made none of those remonstrances to me to which you allude. If he had, any body, who knows the army, must know that I could not have avoided putting him under arrest ; for remonstratices, such as you insinuate, are perfectly irregu¬ lar, subversive of all discipline and good order, such as obtains among king’s officers on service. You must be sensible yourself, as well as your colleague, that Dr. Maclaurin was not entitled, in virtue of his commission of physician, to remonstrate with me on the management

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N. B. It in ay be seen from a comparative view of the above scales of diet that the diet table introduced by me into the depot hospital is not a starving diet* if that, now sanctioned by all the members of the Medical Board and adopted in all the hospitals, be sufficient. The extra diet was ordered according to the wants of the individual case— and thn variety given at the depot appears, by the extra tables, to have been very considerable.

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