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GLOBAL CRISIS – AN ECOLONOMIC APPROACH Abstract: Considering the evolution of life of the whole living, "crisis is a natural manifestation, a form of the systemic wisdom homeostasis ". Interpreted in terms of Hawa-yen philosophy, life of the "whole living" which includes economic and social life as well, crisis stands for excesses and deficits beyond the homeostasis "critical mass" that disturbs due to the dangers generated by the harmony of integrated integers. As it encompasses both threats and opportunities that encourage creative destruction, crisis heightens awareness of a behavioural change for the sake of a new harmony. The current global crisis, in accordance with the holistic vision, is a systemic crisis a cultural, moral, spiritual and intellectual one that affects negatively all segments of life, such the natural, the economic, the social and their interactions, too. As a science of man-made environmental health, ecolonomy interprets the global crisis construed as a deviation of human behaviour and institutional development from the requirements expressed by the harmony of "integrated integers", the nature of the tunes, coherence and resonance. Deficits of love, authentic knowledge, faith in certainty of hope, wisdom, of education on the meaning of life and for life, compassion and selflessness, etc, as well as excesses of selfishness, greed, power, domination, poverty, ignorance, waste, freedom without responsibility, etc., engender through their actions human and social behaviours which threaten social life and cut through homeostasis. The transformation of the dangers into opportunities- the backward evolution, is a process of which metanoia is occurring inside human being where the paradigms find " a nice nest" due to which we come to know, understand, we relate and act,
Alexandru Tasnadi Constantin Popescu, in Annals - Economy Series (2012)
Keywords: the whole living, ecolonomy, awareness, education respiritualization, quantum transformation

Zambia Jobs Diagnostic: Volume 2 – Policy Framework,
Sudha Bala Krishnan, Dino Leonardo Merotto, Teresa Anna Maria Peterburs and David Ian Walker, from The World Bank (2017)
Keywords: capital investment need;European Development Finance Institutions;small and medium enterprise;Technical and Vocational Education;long run marginal cost;Housing and Population Census;Public Sector Remuneration Policy;data collection and analysis;per capita consumption growth;employment elasticity of growth;terms of trade shift;public sector worker;output per worker;economies of scale;trade and competitiveness;share of employment;labor force participation;share of work;exchange rate depreciation;product market regulation;labor productivity growth;access to capital;education and health;skilled labor market;skill development program;abundance of water;alternative power source;exchange rate volatility;creating job opportunity;national development plan;price of labor;production of fish;personal income tax;natural population growth;gaps in productivity;privileges and immunity;agriculture and service;vulnerable population group;exchange rate fluctuation;movement of worker;decomposition of growth;labor force survey;social security benefit;private sector representative;labour market policy;european investment bank;economic development policy;labor market outcome;private sector job;corporate income tax;formal sector wage;labor market service;Private Sector Growth;good investment climate;indirect service delivery;cost of import;number of jobs;job creation potential;high productivity jobs;quality of job;unpaid family worker;labor market efficiency;public sector job;barrier to entry;Poverty & Inequality;gender wage gap;labor market policy;rural area;copper price;modern production;commercial farm;wage work;small-scale farmer;high poverty;traditional production;Informal Jobs;young people;formal employment;informal sector;extreme poverty;vulnerable group;market potential;large farm;regional policy;feed production;job crisis;modern sector;firm size;tax instrument;wage employment;aquaculture value;Fiscal policies;fiscal policy;human capital;working age;input supply;extension service;self-employed farmers;feed mill;smallholder agriculture;wage worker;primary road;rural agriculture;foreign exchange;employment growth;traditional sector;dependency ratio;supply chain;job growth;Animal Husbandry;entry cost;increase productivity;global partnership;electricity regulation;market power;fixed effect;Rural Poor;labor demand;aquaculture sector;poultry sector;smallholder farmer;crowding out;traditional model;Job Quality;fiscal vulnerability;unpaid worker;labor supply;local market;inclusive growth;urban worker;Public Services;raise revenues;broiler production;informal worker;job placement;export ban;construction sector;youth entrepreneurship;macroeconomic fundamentals;matching grant;wage premium;development training;subsidy programs;macroeconomic instability;worker protection;subsidy policy;town development;employment rate;access road;economic slowdown;input market;Economic Management;border crossing;Exchange Rates;commercial farming;import price;government revenue;capital constraint;firm productivity;factor market;poor household;education access;road toll;Property tax;light manufacturing;industrial facility;domestic currencies;infrastructure service;fiscal tightening;fiscal pressure;service coverage;borrowing strategy;imported inputs;commodity price;payroll tax;sustainable fiscal;private market;scale economy;price competitiveness;power supply;fiscal problem;generation capacity;negative effect;hydroelectric system;tax base;market failure;small farm;cattle feed;low-skilled worker;smallholder linkage;spatial analysis;commercial market;earnings growth;rising inequality;skill gap;university degree;government grant;input cost;load shedding;electricity access;small-scale producer;quality employment;broiler chicken;informal export;capital necessary;purchase agreement;quality feed;production cycles;production model;live chicken;stock feed;maize market;largest firms;firm growth;inefficient firms;dual economy;manufacturing sector;exporting firms;regression results

Burkina Faso Jobs Diagnostic: Overview and Suggestions for a Strategic Framework for Jobs,
Michael Weber, from The World Bank (2018)
Keywords: capital investment need; Country Policy and Institutional Assessment; Targeting of Social Safety Nets; labor force participation rate; active labor market program; higher level of education; Technical and Vocational Education; Management of Natural Resources; small and medium size enterprise; rate of population growth; quality of job; Agriculture; rural area; labor market outcome; Job Creation; labor market service; gross domestic product; quality of education; agriculture industry; fast population growth; social assistance program; access to finance; movement of worker; share of work; types of taxes; number of workers; vulnerable population group; higher education level; private sector representative; integration of woman; Social Protection; corporate income tax; effect on employment; price of labor; productive employment opportunity; share of wage; employment in agriculture; public sector job; tax revenue increase; payment for service; targeted social assistance; personal income tax; informal sector activity; share of employment; maternal health service; international labor organization; empowerment of woman; high quality employment; private sector demand; Solar Home System; employment in industry; labor market policy; number of jobs; high dropout rate; movement of labor; maintenance of road; privileges and immunity; economies of scale; labour market policy; rates of return; lack of investment; primary school enrolment; improvement in productivity; decline in poverty; alternative energy source; gdp growth rate; purchasing power parity; wage employment; labor regulation; energy import; agricultural sector; labor supply; unpaid work; labor demand; labor productivity; fiscal policy; secondary city; Fiscal policies; urban agricultural policy; access road; increase productivity; working-age population; Informal Jobs; vulnerable group; productivity growth; regional policy; informal firms; inclusive jobs; productive sector; tradable sector; destination market; unemployment rate; total employment; rural population; exporting firms; technological progress; urban population; discussion topic; industrial facility; jobs diagnostic; price fluctuation; survey data; agricultural productivity; early dropout; electricity regulation; extension service; labor policy; Labor Policies; gender inequalities; Gender Inequality; food system; entrepreneurship development; unpaid worker; school attendance; affordable price; smallholder farmer; high share; program leader; low-income household; postsecondary education; productive potential; delivery mechanism; strategic framework; cotton price; social insurance; high poverty; sectoral approach; employment opportunities; investment climate; individual policy; extensive consultation; school-age child; business value; fiscal burden; primary level; Property tax; female youth; financial resource; educational outcome; school enrollment; environmental tax; urban service; Extractive Industry; average productivity; improved livelihood; smallholder farming; skill formation; research show; productivity gain; cotton sector; paying job; government's budget; unemployed individual; young girl; stabilization fund; young men; employment increase; Job Quality; tax credit; macroeconomic fundamentals; wage worker; income potential; subsistence farming; unemployed population; demographic projection; capital factor; tax instrument; consumption level; tradable good; domestic demand; formal employment; domestic earnings; annual contribution; youth bulge; agricultural employment; payroll tax; high correlation; agricultural season; household income; female farmer; entrepreneurship training; contributory insurance; weather insurance; climate shock; draft note; market relevance; young people; business investments; Economic Policy; investment program; Water Management; Informal Work; energy resource; Education Quality; vocational skill; university program; economic diversification; basic skill; cotton production; market failure

Are land-poor youth accessing rented land? Evidence from Northern Ethiopia,
Stein Holden and Mesfin Tilahun, from Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Centre for Land Tenure Studies (2019)
Keywords: Continued strong population growth in already densely populated rural areas in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa makes it harder for youth to choose agriculture as their main source of income. We investigate whether near landless youth still can access rented land as a complementary source of income. We utilize a unique data of rural youth that have been allocated rehabilitated communal land to form formalized business groups for joint business activity. They rely on complementary sources of income and land renting is one of these. Utilizing a sample of 3500 youth business group members from 360 youth business groups collected in 2016 and 2019 in five districts in Tigray region of Ethiopia; we find that 42% of the youth had access to rented land in 2016 and 47% in 2019. Average area rented was 0.66ha in 2016 and 0.74ha in 2019. Land renting is the most important source of income for 17 and 16% of the youth in 2016 and 2019 and the second most important source of income for 14 and 20% in 2016 and 2019; respectively. Access to rented land is constrained; however. Male youth who own oxen are much more likely to be able to rent in land. Utilizing a trust game to elicit trust and trustworthiness of the youth; we also found a positive association between trustworthiness and access to rented land. Trust reduces transaction costs and more trustworthy youth have better access to rented land. The importance of trust is also illustrated by the dominance of kinship contracts and contracts with close neighbors reducing the costs of monitoring tenants. The prohibition of land sales in Ethiopia limits the potential of the “agricultural ladder” to facilitate that youth can climb out of poverty through purchase of land. The youth group model may; however; help to overcome the barrier associated with very small and shrinking farm sizes and facilitate the development of larger and more professional land-based production units. Land renting is one of the rural livelihood diversification options that youth pursue and that help to sustain the youth business groups.

Dietary Patterns and Non-Communicable Diseases in Selected Latin American Countries,
Maria Eugenia Bonilla-Chacin, Luis Marcano, Ricardo Sierra and Ursula Aldana, from The World Bank (2014)
Keywords: adolescents, Aging, Agriculture, animal fats, animal protein, ascorbic acid, baked goods, beef, beverages, bottles, bran, bread, breakfast cereals, breastfeeding, butter Ca, caffeine, Calcium, caloric intake, Calorie Intake, canned foods, Carbohydrate, carbohydrates, cardiovascular diseases, cheese, child malnutrition, chronic malnutrition, COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, complex carbohydrates, Consumption Quintiles, consumption threshold, cost-effectiveness, cream, daily calories, daily expenditure on food, dairies, dairy, demand for food, diabetes, diet, dietary changes, Dietary Fiber, dietary habits, DIETARY PATTERNS, dietary Sugars, diets, disability adjusted life years, eggs, fats, Folic acid, food availability, food components, food composition, food consumption, food expenditures, food industry, food intake, food preparation, food service, Food supply, foods, Fruit, fruits, grains, health care, health status, high blood pressure, Household Budget, household income, Human Development, Hypertension, ice, income distribution, Income growth, income inequality, income quintile, injuries, intervention, iron, iron deficiency, labeling, leisure time, lipids, liquor, living conditions, Living Standards, low birth weight, maize, margarine, marketing, meal, meat, meats, micronutrients, milk, Minerals, Non-Alcoholic Beverages, nutrient, Nutrition, nutrition surveys, nuts, obesity, pasta, per capita consumption, physical activity, poorer households, Potassium, potatoes, poverty incidence, Pregnant Women, prepared foods, processed foods, Protein, proteins, regional study, restaurants, Rice, Risk Factors, Rural Areas, school health, snacks, sodium, soft drinks, starches, sub-region, Sucrose, Sugar, sugars, supermarkets, sweeteners, tubers, vegetable oils, vegetable proteins, vegetables, violence, Vitamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, vitamins, weight gain

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Results-Based Financing Programs: A Toolkit,
Donald Shepard, Wu Zeng and Ha Thi Hong Nguyen, from The World Bank (2015)
Keywords: child health, risks, reproductive health, vaccination, financing, antenatal care, deaths, income, quality of health care, prevention, health economics, morbidity, syphilis ... See More + community health, health care, medical records, death, death rate, incentives, health, obstetrical care, development goals, health facilities, public health, life expectancy, quality of health, hospitalization, health sector, knowledge, disabilities, choice, cost effectiveness, health status, costs, iron, immunization, patients, patient, impact of quality of care, health equipment, hospital records, intervention, health systems, fixed costs, preventive treatment, health centers, impact evaluations, health care services, health management, tuberculosis, folic acid, health organization, screening, birth rate, global health, hiv/aids, polio vaccine, mortality, general practice, counselling, equity, childbirth, health specialist, workers, surgery, quality of care, health systems strengthening, postnatal care, immunodeficiency, care, policy makers, health policy, health effects, budgets, social policy, demand, health outcomes, hepatitis b, family planning, medical equipment, expenditures, decision making, hospital costs, measurement, nutrition, service utilization, policy, quality of life, primary health care, burden of disease, internet, health results, health system, insurance, weight, pregnant women, children, disease control, evaluation, inpatient care, poverty, illness, disability, incidence, limited resources, counseling, population, polio, strategy, fees, epidemiology, registration, child health services, medicines, health projects, hospitals, health interventions, health consequences, millennium development goals, birth attendant, health service, health programs, health services, implementation, pregnancy, abortion, condoms, cleanliness, health strategy, provider payment, primary health care services

An Integrated Framework for Jobs in Fragile and Conflict Situations,
Jan Von Der Goltz, Mary Hallward-Driemeier, Nadia Fernanda Piffaretti, Michal J. Rutkowski and Saroj Kumar Jha, from The World Bank (2016)
Keywords: Fragile and Conflict Situations;Fragile & Conflict-Affected States;youth employment and skill;Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations;active labor market program;active labor market policy;Active Labor Market Policies;Fragility, Conflict, and Violence;contribution to poverty reduction;sectoral composition of output;protection property right;conflict and violence;risk of conflict;job opportunities;job opportunity;private sector job;social cohesion;level of capacity;loss of asset;Fragile Situations;investment climate reform;risk of violence;early retirement program;savings and investment;source of shock;public expenditure reform;resolution of grievances;Oil and Gas;Oil & Gas;labor intensive industry;cost of education;types of service;world development;investments in infrastructure;Energy Sector Reform;incentives for investment;formal sector worker;resource revenue management;Rule of Law;privileges and immunity;finance and markets;Transport and ICT;share of investment;loss of capital;women at risk;quality of job;creating job opportunity;gross national income;purchasing power parity;world development indicator;barrier to participation;return on investment;rates of return;quality of education;misallocation of resources;loss of information;household and individual;private sector perspective;financial literacy program;improving service delivery;barrier to competition;temporary employment scheme;public works program;private sector provider;participation of woman;social insurance program;direct job creation;small business initiative;labor market problem;job search training

The Future of Work Requires More, Not Less Technology In Developing Countries,
Siddhartha Raja and Luc Christiaensen, from The World Bank (2017)
Keywords: digital technology;economies of scale;technology access;adoption of technology;cost of production;Access to Electricity;future of work;people with disability;quality of job;inequality within country;access to technology;east asian miracle;local labor market;social protection strategy;inequality will;migration between countries;social protection program;Social Safety Nets;Transport and ICT;business process outsourcing;electronic payment system;access to information;price ratio;social security;Learning and Innovation Credit;digital economy;labor share;skilled occupation;digital development;3d printing;manual skill;labor productivity;extreme poverty;transaction cost;skill gap;global inequality;improved connectivity;computer animation;youth bulge;displaced worker;technological change;traditional methods;social program;digital divide;interpersonal skill;world leaders;Job Quality;Public-Private Partnership;internet connectivity;rural area;building skills;educational system;product innovation;rent seeking;learning opportunity;rural community;community participation;empirical evidence;public intervention;Cash Transfer;income strategy;Distance Learning;government service;market power;public policy;demographic composition;employment arrangements;market regulation;population group;trading environment;richer countries;job loss;Technology Diffusion;employer demand;business environment;formal employment;car share;foster transparency;mobile telephone;employment generation;artificial intelligence;technology adoption;remote area;negative effect;global policy;distribution activity;search cost;social barrier;skilled job;creating job;automotive industry;market failure;enabling environment;lung cancer;market entry;vulnerable group;facilitating trade;skill mix;productivity increase;unemployed receiving;Technology Transfer;socioeconomic development;unskilled worker;old people;global income;labor-intensive export;manufacturing sector;advanced economy;demographic group;increase productivity;emerging economy;Digital Literacy;Emerging economies;Electric Power;Public Services;young people;comparative analysis;remote community;quality service

Stubborn Gender Gaps in Paraguay's Labor Market,
Elizabeth Ruppert Bulmer, Raquel Scarpari and Adrian Garlati, from The World Bank (2019)
Keywords: paper issue; labor force participation rate; European Development Finance Institutions; net job creation; female labor force participation; unexplained gender wage gap; economic opportunities for woman; gender gap in education; gender gap in employment; working age population; labor market outcome; share of woman; household survey data; labor supply decisions; unpaid family worker; return to education; share of employment; labor market entry; employment for woman; women with child; earnings of woman; Access to Education; international labour organisation; large urban centers; jobs and development; flexible work hour; Women in Agriculture; children per woman; assessment of gender; closing gender gap; rural poverty rate; access to training; high quality employment; european investment bank; labor market indicator; demand for labor; economic growth performance; primary school completion; average wage growth; female unemployment rate; labor force growth; share of work; distribution of wage; difference in returns; public administration sector; number of women; financial service sector; description of data; privileges and immunity; traditional gender roles; public sector employment; high population density; private sector work; access to capital; high unemployment rate; small family size; social insurance coverage; degree of informality; labor productivity growth; labor force expansion; promoting gender equality; monthly wage; Job Quality; labor demand; wage worker; gender difference

Jobs Diagnostic Pakistan and Jobs Diagnostic Pakistan - overview report,
Hernan Jorge Winkler and Alvaro Gonzalez, from The World Bank (2020)
Keywords: Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development; Labor Market; Household Income and Expenditure Survey; female labor force participation; information and communication technology; population living in poverty; net increase in employment; quality of job; gross fixed capital formation; awareness-raising activities; oil and gas exploration; income-generating activity; income generating activity; Technical and Vocational Education; labor force participation rate; labor force working; small and medium enterprise; Vocational and Technical Training; foreign direct investment; labor market outcome; Job Creation; human capital; overseas employment; share of work; agriculture and industry; labor market trend; human capital investment; agriculture industry; total fertility rate; perceptions of woman; gross fixed investment; number of jobs; job search assistance; decomposition of growth; needs of woman; labor market indicator; change in employment; literacy and numeracy; cost of migration; business process outsourcing; gulf cooperation council; labor productivity growth; business development service; labor market program; labor market entrant; low unemployment rate; labor market segmentation; decline in fertility; provision of information; privileges and immunity; availability of data; share of employment; informal economic activity; net foreign asset; Exchange rate policies; foreign exchange inflow; exchange rate policy; labor force survey; efficiency of firms; drugs and crime; universal primary education; internationally comparable data; Innovation and Entrepreneurship; human capital accumulation; share of export; high tariff barriers; private sector job; Early Childhood Development; reduction in tariffs; value added; rural area; working-age population; demographic dividend; Demographic Transition; job market; export structure; cognitive skill; wage employment; agricultural household; wage worker; productive activity; macroeconomic condition; global market; household enterprise; employment share

Measuring Jobs-Linked Externalities in Private Investment Projects: A Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Perspective,
Federica Ricaldi and Peter Mousley, from The World Bank (2019)
Keywords: opportunity cost; united states agency for international development; Fragility, Conflict, and Violence; Economic Opportunity Cost of Capital; access to international capital markets; Let's Work Partnership; social rate of return; Internal rate of return; Job Creation; discounted cash flow analysis; social safety net system; marginal product of labor; acceptable rate of return; private sector job creation; financing need; reliability of energy supply; time value of money; contingent valuation technique; social cost-benefit analysis; lack of control; factor of production; cost of labor; amount of investment; innovative financial product; unpaid family worker; financial sector specialist; future cash flow; value of good; measure of preferences; labor market structure; rent-seeking behavior; personal income tax; private sector player; constraints to growth; low female participation; returns to capital; human capital accumulation; health and nutrition; Early Childhood Development; Poverty & Inequality; benefit to society; social opportunity costs; senior operations; measurement of benefits; labor market policy; price of labor; children's nutritional status; solar power capacity; prices of input; number of jobs; effect of externality; rates of unemployment; repatriation of capital; real estate developer; demand for electricity; effects of unemployment; education and health; privileges and immunity; labor productivity growth; provision of power; investments in infrastructure; private sector party; social protection policy; movement of labor; generation of electricity; allocation of resource; access to material; high unemployment rate; social return; private investment; social externalities; financial cost; public financing; market wage; institutional failure; new job; private investor; market failure; performance criteria; social value; discount rate

Dominican Republic Jobs Diagnostic,
Hernan Winkler and Miriam Montenegro, from The World Bank (2021)
Keywords: Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean; productivity growth; Labor Market; information and communication technology; employment in the services sector; labor productivity growth; real wage growth; labor force participation rate; minimum wage; lower level of education; small and medium enterprise; producer price index; active labor market program; marginal product of labor; constant elasticity of substitution; increase of labor productivity; input-output table; rate of productivity growth; reduction of gender disparity; quality of job; Job Quality; labor market outcome; increase in labor; change in employment; working age population; quality of education; agriculture and industry; average real wage; Transport and ICT; share of work; labor demand; employment share; industry sector; business environment; real minimum wage; source of income; human capital accumulation; source income; agriculture industry; barrier to entry; labor productivity increase; production due; Superintendencia de Pensiones; social security rights; share of employment; free trade zone; impacts on employment; foreign exchange inflow; average productivity growth; labor force survey; inclusion of women; consumer price inflation; high oil price; terms of trade; reduction in poverty; decomposition of growth; share of wage; labor market efficiency; gross domestic product; increasing income inequality; fast economic growth; rights of minority; low unemployment rate; Access to Electricity; competitive market conditions; labor market participation; national income account; number of jobs; high productivity growth; product market competition; rising wage inequality; demand for labor; supply of labor; efficiency of labor; open unemployment; labor share; unpaid work; productive sector; production function; value added; new job; teenage pregnancy

The Middle-Income Trap: Myth or Reality?,
Greg Larson, Norman Loayza and Michael Woolcock, from The World Bank (2016)
Keywords: growth rates, endogenous growth, risks, capita income, rights, economic growth, technological progress, high taxes, production, capital accumulation, monetary economics, stabilization policies, income, empirical support, public sector, reduced inequality, property rights, gdp per capita, economic review, political rights, labor force, resource allocation, short-run growth, exports, policy circles, policy options, policy discussions, rural labor, low inflation, drivers, knowledge diffusion, factor accumulation, cyclical volatility, labor market, influence, per capita income, low-income countries, population growth, income growth, income inequality, democracy, productivity, debt, markets, technological innovations, income levels, labor, policy debate, efficiency, macroeconomic stabilization, taxes, ldcs, education systems, development research, human capital, technological change, capital, wages, policies, international trade, public expenditure, external conditions, financial crisis, long-run growth, competitiveness, growth literature, incomes, agriculture, m1, capital flows, growth models, private sector, middle class, economics, global recession, labor market rigidities, taxation, economic development, trade, rich countries, gdp, per capita income levels, theory, investment, growth regressions, risk, macroeconomic factors, comparative advantage, growth performance, poverty, crises, country characteristics, competitive markets, innovation, empirical evidence, law, growth theory, policy research, high growth, rapid growth, economic fundamentals, long run, innovations, inequality, macroeconomic stabilization policies, growth

Maternal and Child Health: The World Bank Group's Response to Sustainable Development Goal 3—Target 3.1 and 3.2,
Amparo Gordillo-Tobar, Meaghen Quinlan-Davidson and Samuel Lantei Mills, from The World Bank (2017)
Keywords: live birth;investment need;maternal and child health;primary school completion rate;social and economic development;Fragility, Conflict, and Violence;access to health service;women in developing countries;primary health care facilities;Maternal and Child Mortality;antenatal and postnatal care;infant and child mortality;quality health care service;delivery of health services;access to basic service;lifetime risk of death;iron and folic acid;operation and maintenance expenditure;Democratic Republic of Congo;lack of employment opportunity;lack of employment opportunities;Delivery of Health Care;reproductive health-care services;Maternal Mortality;skilled birth attendance;net enrolment rate;maternal death;maternal mortality ratio;primary school enrolment;quality of care;conflict and violence;primary school age;female net enrolment;gross intake rate;Population and Development;Internally Displaced Person;loss of education;neonatal mortality;Maternal Health;child health service;ethnic minority community;lack of service;inequality in health;immunization of child;innovative financing mechanism;private sector partner;quality of education;international development community;access to asset;access to care;senior operations;voice and agency;vulnerable population group;comments and feedback;accessing health care;primary completion rate;Corporate Results Indicator;health care cost;number of pupils;number of women;neonatal mortality rates;health of mothers;quality of data;maternal health care;essential health services;health care system;preference for son;supply chain management;girls in school;complete primary school;health care provision;right of women;termination of pregnancy;universal primary education;infant mortality rate;loss of income;Health System Strengthening;health and nutrition;gap in access;sustainable development goals;official school age;skilled health personnel;complete secondary education;High Blood Pressure;decline in poverty;spread of disease;total fertility rate;reproductive health outcomes;advice to woman;sustainable development agenda;pregnant woman;extreme poverty;cognitive development;Antenatal Care;financial instability;inclusive growth;men's health;neonatal death;poor health;educated woman;forced displacement;delivery service;demographic dividend;civil registration;vital statistic;Gender Equality;poor household;old children;education level;Health Workers;female enrolment;concessional financing;health facility;geographical region;supply side;pregnancy care;dissemination mechanism;indigenous population;birth care;health systems;successful country;cultural practice;medical supply;limited mobility;skilled attendance;strategic partner;vulnerable group;skilled staff;gender norm;entrance age;postpartum period;deaths globally;government capacity;income support;nutrition intervention;parental education;remote area;income quintile;improved health;rural area;adolescent pregnancy;regional disparity;increased income;Mental health;healthy behavior;cognitive skill;enrolment target;quality education;strategic partnerships;quality primary;schooling year;women's empowerment;educational input;unpaid work;human capital;adolescent indicators;universal health;environmental dimension;noncommercial purposes;unemployed population;subsidiary right;maternal education;economic slowdown;postpartum care;skilled care;younger sibling;health challenge;family land;school fee;fragile states;human rights;nutritional deficit;contraceptive prevalence;adolescent birth;health interventions;secure access;teen pregnancy;young woman;female population;curative care;net enrollment;global partnership;young child;gender disparity;equitable access;constrained resource;income growth;equal distribution;socioeconomic indicator;subnational levels;children's health;alternative mode;multiple sources;health finance;impact intervention;political insecurity;large population;quality service;cervical cancer;postnatal services;community health;universal coverage

Tajikistan Jobs Diagnostic: Strategic Framework for Jobs,
Victoria Strokova and Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad, from The World Bank (2017)
Keywords: access to job;international standard;access to social protection;Food Security and Nutrition;increasing labor force participation;information and communication technology;female labor force participation;small and medium size enterprise;labor market information system;active labor market program;access to new technology;company with limited liability;output per worker;labor market outcome;Job Creation;informal sector;working age adults;trade and competitiveness;Promoting Private Sector;working age population;labor market policy;public sector employment;decline in remittance;increase in labor;source income;source of income;drop in poverty;foreign direct investment;skills and education;unpaid family worker;access to finance;standard of living;quality of job;supply side policy;international poverty line;private sector provider;competitive private sector;number of jobs;social insurance program;labor productivity growth;unit of measurement;loss of life;privileges and immunity;primary school education;Closing of Business;direct investment policy;barriers to growth;Access to Education;cooperation and assistance;private sector representative;Private Sector Growth;labor force participant;purchasing power parity;labor force survey;lack of competition;regression of log;bureau of statistic;total factor productivity;agriculture and service;international labor organization;allocation of labor;Rural Investment Climate;foreign exchange market;number of migrants;movement of worker;barriers to entrepreneurship;job search assistance;state owned enterprise;gdp growth rate;education and health;private sector wage;informal sector worker;vulnerable population group;total labor force;complete secondary school;opportunity for woman;Early childhood education;gross national income;inclusive economic growth;manufacturing sector;labor demand;business environment;improving productivity;local value;social security;international migrant;unpaid worker;employment outcome;banking sector;rural area;small producer;Labor migration;return migrant;increase productivity;high wage;logistics cost;firm size;formal employment;female employment;civil society;enabling environment;Natural Resources;Civil War;trading partner;Public Employment;export base;external shock;economic slowdown;economic sector;productive sector;productive employment;labor supply;employment rate;living condition;energy security;communication opportunities;working condition;removing barriers;development partner;agricultural sector;Macroeconomic Policy;vulnerable worker;external demand;macroeconomic development;lagging region;household survey;investment incentive;total employment;russian ruble;increased investment;survey data;social gains;earnings growth;physical damage;domestic demand;gainful employment;dollar value;labor migrants;regional inequality;macroeconomic performance;competition policy;Advisory services;adult migration;skills assessment;life skill;receiving countries;macroeconomic situation;remittance income;government institution;privatization effort;salaried worker;Public Services;credit practice;human capital;Public Spending;state budget;younger cohort;eligibility criterion;Tax Exemption;tax audit;lending risk;collateral requirement;registered corporation;regulatory norms;customs process;transport equipment;entry rate;wage employment;anticompetitive practices;formal business;school system;jobs diagnostic;migrant skills;high employment;skill upgrading;matching grant;Exchange Rates;entrepreneurial services;Community Services;income support;international reserve;eliminating restrictions;graduate student;budget process;employment agency;macro reform;budget policy;steep decline;private company;high share;republican subordination;media intervention;skill need;hydrocarbon potential;employment contract;education level;legal entity;agricultural output;hydropower potential;demographic contrast;female youth;young people;youth labor;role models;young woman;occupational segregation;autonomous region

Zambia Jobs in Value Chains: Opportunities in Agribusiness,
Sudha Bala Krishnan and Teresa Anna Maria Peterburs, from The World Bank (2017)
Keywords: international livestock research institute;European Development Finance Institutions;small and medium enterprise;agricultural policy research institute;Southern African Customs Union;broad range of stakeholders;modern production;feed mill;job creation potential;number of jobs;broiler production;constraints to growth;per capita consumption;agriculture industry;trade of poultry;genetically modified organism;live bird market;trade in poultry;feed conversion ratio;job growth;animal feed production;labor market participation;lack of integration;private sector actors;remote rural area;small scale farmer;jobs in agriculture;opportunity for woman;privileges and immunity;access to capital;day old chick;agriculture and livestock;european investment bank;trade and competitiveness;abundance of water;production of fish;demand for food;economies of scale;alternative power source;exchange rate volatility;natural population growth;increase in labor;commercial poultry sector;supply chain linkage;consultations with stakeholders;consumption of egg;department of agriculture;international poverty line;demand for fish;large farm;traditional production;labor productivity;aquaculture value;informal export;modern sector;commercial farm;survey data;egg production;poultry feed;stock feed;low-skilled worker;small-scale farmer;input supply;middle class;day-old chick;local industry;traditional model;domestic demand;export market;urban agricultural policy;chicken meat;employment opportunity;employment opportunities;sales outlet;boned meat;temporary worker;ongoing support;drug store;extension service;job impact;production cycles;zambian kwacha;job opportunity;agribusiness sector;market structure;feed ingredient;expected growth;animal protein;fast food;broiler chicken;increasing urbanization;production system;survey instrument;annual wage;labor intensity;job opportunities;productivity growth;earnings growth;meat consumption;formal sector;egg consumption;aquaculture sector;output growth;broiler producer;commercial purpose;small farm;Food Services;maize production;quality requirement;expenditure elasticity;imported inputs;installed capacity;annual production;increased imports;business profitability;open market;small trader;capacity utilization;indirect employment;commercial fish;upper management;farming practice;local farmer;average wage;regional market;large subsidy;seasonal job;input factor;high ratio;labor use;marginal investment;sectoral growth;off-farm employment;wage employment;operational change;tariff barrier;egg producer;cross-border exports;broiler industry;distribution channel;purchase agreement;average cost;meat product;poultry operation;average yield;farmers uses;mitigation measure;disease management;chicken breast;vaccine market;quality feed;efficiency gain;sanitary standard;bird farm;meat market;frozen meat;production model;productivity differential;survey results;hiring decisions;rural economy;policy question;smallholder farming;consumer demand;cooking oil;productivity gain;employment growth;job profile;macroeconomic condition;supply side;urban employment;livestock subsector;positive spillover;trade pattern;employment structure;employment ranging;skill set;business segment;commercial relationship;Financial Access;agricultural output;selection criterion;ongoing donor;agricultural sector;poultry farming;total employment;production level;Capture Fishery;dairy sector;working capital;fishery statistic;institutional failure;poverty headcount;rural agriculture;commercial operation;juvenile fish;fish farmer;aquaculture farm;local market;domestic production;import volume;vulnerable group;feed price;smallholder agriculture;market linkage;marketing system;productivity agricultural;feed efficiency;quality employment;capital necessary;electricity access;load shedding;input cost;sustainable livelihood;rural youth;rural poultry;global partnership;job crisis;aquaculture product;food reserve;population census;binding constraint;original work;sole responsibility

Economic Analysis of Jobs Investments Project,
David A. Robalino and David Ian Walker, from The World Bank (2017)
Keywords: paper issue;Economic Opportunity Cost of Capital;trade and competitiveness;capital investment need;social rate of return;Internal rate of return;access to financial service;labor force survey data;active labor market program;operation and maintenance cost;Active Labor Market Policies;active labor market policy;optimal portfolio of investment;demand for labor;cost benefit analysis;return on investment;number of jobs;business plan competition;market failure;social opportunity costs;Production Possibility Frontier;Job Creation;quality of employment;labor market intermediation;jobs and growth;solar power plant;local labor market;theory of change;support for investment;flow of revenue;quality employment;years of schooling;learning by doing;social insurance coverage;foreign exchange use;price of labor;quality of job;business support service;average unemployment rate;social sector investment;life of others;number of workers;cost of labor;patterns of investment;high productivity jobs;socially optimal level;privileges and immunity;allocation of investment;gender and skills;amount of investment;labor productivity growth;returns to capital;class of people;reallocation of resource;problems of gender;expansion of demand;full time employment;investments in infrastructure;amount of tax;lack of demand;crime and violence;differences in earnings;innovation and growth;rates of return;shadow wage rate;labor market outcome;Local Economic Development;benefits to workers;Early Childhood Development;health and nutrition;human capital accumulation;net cash flow;prices of input;social externalities;benefit stream;supply side;market price;labor supply;private investment;economic appraisal;demand curve;shadow price;private investor;private rate;investment program;benchmark rate;social cohesion;Capital Investments;sensitivity analysis;future earnings;modern sector;financial analysis;firm level;market wage;reveal preference;young men;gap financing;general equilibrium;young woman;market cost;financial rate;matching grant;financial cost;public policy;positive impact;capital grant;road infrastructure;productive capacity;knowledge spillover;household investment;young people;present value;investment lending;private return;youth employment;youth unemployment;private gain;public good;supply curve;multiplier effect;analytical tool;public support;government failure;reasonable assumption;Macroeconomic Stability;public intervention;job impact;Informal Jobs;projects lead;SME financing;information asymmetry;job opportunity;job-search assistance;agricultural sector;promotion effort;transport subsidy;independent variable;wage subsidy;beneficiary population;project intervention;resource mobilization;net earning;unemployed people;technological frontier;project rules;path dependence;private benefit;regulatory failure;public resource;skill acquisition;wage level;original work;production capacity;sole responsibility;copyright owner;market mechanism;transactions cost;social stability;policy preference;job opportunities;working condition;net output;formal sector;future employment;rural region;employment indicator;industrial park;expansion plan;vulnerable worker;capital use;poverty trap;infrastructure service;Social Protection;program performance;earnings improvement;labour market;Learning and Innovation Credit;population group;improving infrastructure;project costing;allocative efficiency;measurement technique;financial projection;market revenue;traditional sector;public equity;labor resource;income stream;market linkage;Public Infrastructure;increasing investment;vulnerable group;sole source;production possibilities;commercial purpose;absorptive capacity;investment amount;infrastructure intervention;social group;effect estimate;complementary activities;comprehensive treatment;poverty dynamic;computing skill;crowding out;Fiscal Sustainability;incentive system;causal link;labor outcomes;intermediate consumption;discount rate;cost stream;full employment;demand growth;young child

Understanding the Chinese Economies,
Rongxing Guo, from Elsevier (2012)
Keywords: administrative barriers; administrative divisions; administrative efficiency; agricultural reforms; authoritarianism; banking system; centrally planned economy; Chinese characteristics; Chinese civilization; Chinese Communist Party (CCP); Chinese culture; Chinese dynasties; Chinese economic reforms; Chinese economy; Chinese history; Chinese-speaking world; coal; Coastal Area Development Strategy; coastal economic development zone (EDZ); collectivism; corruption control; cross-Strait economic relations; cultural contexts; cultural diversity; currency convertibility; decentralization of authority; dialects; distribution of resources; double track system; economic area; Economic development; economic growth; economic reform; education; emigration; energy; environmental policy; environmental resources; ethno-cultural areas; ethno-cultural barriers; Five-Year Plan; foreign direct investment; foreign invested enterprises; foreign loans; foreign trade; free market; fresh water; geographical barriers; geographical belts; Gini coefficient; going out strategy; governance; gradual/partial reform; great regions; Great Wall; Greater China; groundwater; Han; Hong Kong; Hua-Xia; Human contexts; hydropower; income; income inequality; income redistribution; individualism; Industrialization; innovation; intellectual property rights; inter-cultural communication; international competitiveness; interprovincial differences; Jin; joint venture; labor and employment; labor force; language; legal system; living standards; location quotient; Macau; macroeconomic performance; material product system; mineral resources; Ming; multiregional differences; multiregional economic comparison; multiregional economic cooperation; natural gas reserves; Natural resources; Open-door policy; outward development strategy; outward direct investment; overseas Chinese; ownership of the means of production; petroleum reserves; Political system; population; population control; poverty alleviation; pre-reform era; price release reforms; provincial administrations; public finance; Qin; Qing; radical reform; reform of Chinese bureaucracy; reforming a planned economy; regional development strategies; regional differences in purchasing power; regional economic disparity; regional inequality; rural industrialization; rural-to-urban migration; rural-urban disparity; Shang; socialist market economy; Song; southern and northern parts; Spatial comparative advantages; spatial diseconomies; spatial divisions; spatial economic separation; special economic zone (SEZ); state-controlled market; Statistical systems; Sui; sustainable development; system of national accounts; Taiwan; Tang; tax; technological progress; the North-South Water Transfer Project; the Taiwan Strait; the Terracotta Army; time-series data; trade surplus; water availability; Western Region Development Strategy; wholly foreign-owned entity; World Trade Organization (WTO); WTO; Xia; Yellow River; Yuan; Zhou

Support to Jobs for Youth in Niger a Retrospective Evaluation of Jobs Projects 2007-2018,
Boureima Gado, Jan von der Goltz, Mira Saidi and Abdoulaye Sambo Soumaila, from The World Bank (2019)
Keywords: paper issue; limited access to finance; high population growth rate; youth; number of beneficiaries; income generating activity; access to job; data on results; senior operations; Agricultural Value Chain; production of staple; temporary income support; labor market entrant; cash for work; technical training program; source of income; standard of living; source income; share of wage; lack of skill; high birth rate; number of women; series of meetings; places of business; investments in infrastructure; resilience to drought; jobs in agriculture; privileges and immunity; improvement in productivity; Access to Electricity; household enterprise; Job Creation; permanent job; subsistence agriculture; cost efficiency; Young Workers; raise revenues; institutional environment; institutional memory; temporary job; household head; Temporary Work; job opportunities; job opportunity; portfolio review; formal sector; market access; young people; study period; informed choice; working life; youth employment; intermediate outcome; balancing act; young population; humanitarian relief; population dynamic; budget share; Cash Income; cash grant; poor household; Job Quality; public source; productive activity; data quality; human capital; informal business; informal loan; age range; causal effect; livelihood support; small grants; qualitative information; regional pattern; humanitarian assistance; project datum; collected information; family work; limited resources; Youth Inclusion; formal employment; results framework; peace building; food system; farming household; primary sector; smallholder agriculture; household welfare; food insecurity; government body; subsistence crop; cash crop; government oversight; government priority; original work; widespread poverty; proven technology; copyright owner; sole responsibility; quantitative indicators; Job Matching; work force; innovative initiative; small fraction; real investment; living condition; aggregate productivity; family benefit; total wage; household income; Project Monitoring; formal system; harvest time; increased revenue; business environment; inclusive jobs; portfolio composition; Program of Activities; Cash Transfer; personal relationship; government entity; employment structure; women beneficiary; conceptual framework; agriculture sector; agricultural product; Social Protection; local market; local development; agricultural production; job impact; manufacturing activities; business skill; scientific advisory; personal care; Gender Gap; population data; unpaid work; rural area; agricultural household; project types; retail trade; young woman; family farm; lessons learnt; agricultural sector; family relation; wage employment; informal sector; market demand; social stability; commercial purpose; average duration; primary beneficiaries; border area; older generations; identification process

Taking Stock of COVID-19 Labor Policy Responses in Developing Countries,
Luciana De La Flor Giuffra, Ingrid Veronica Mujica Canas, Maria Belen Fontenez, David Newhouse, Claudia P Rodriguez Alas, Gayatri Sabharwal and Michael Weber, from The World Bank (2021)
Keywords: labor market policy; Poverty and Equity; information on labor market; jobs and development; Occupational health and safety; Active Labor Market Policies; active labor market policy; income tax reduction; labor regulation; Cash Transfer; social protection policy; cash transfer program; labor market impact; public works program; social security contribution; wage subsidy; Wage Subsidies; unemployment benefit; labor market intervention; flexible work arrangement; labor market demand; share of labor; income support program; transfer program benefit; corporate tax payments; corporate income tax; shorter work hours; Letter of Credit; demand for worker; workplace safety regulations; personal income tax; cash for training; unemployment insurance benefit; extension of contract; demand for labor; income support policy; labor market program; labor market income; effect on health; development cooperation; credit guarantee fund; social assistance; liquidity support; available data; social insurance; working condition; Labor Policies; regulatory adjustment; labor policy; labor income; leave policy; loan payment; tax relief; dismissal procedure; Learning and Innovation Credit; labor inspection; entrepreneurship support; credit facilities; wage worker; tax credit; informal worker; loan repayment; liquidity policy; public health; temporary suspension; outplacement assistance; mandatory training; mass layoff; electronic communication; mitigation policy; policy work; revolving loan; market condition; policy option; reallocating resource; social worker; retail credit; annex annex; tax liability; working schedule; unemployment figure; south sudan; social good; payment facility; regional variability; grace period; labor protection; leave request; month period; work schedule; electricity bill; working day; work permit; independent worker; annual leave; disposable income; implementing policy; use policy; market opportunity; labor inspector; overtime work; increase allowance; liquidity measure; severance payment; related subsidies; weekly rest; new business; workplace training; severance package; supply side; rent payment; irrigation infrastructure; public tender; targeting mechanism; remuneration policy; quantitative information; semi-skilled worker; Macroeconomic Policy; labor supply; present analysis; policy target; utility payment; joint product; Job Matching; rent transfer; take stock; psychological condition; agricultural worker; employment measure; unemployment assistance; collected data; labor transfer; cash wage; insurance policy; reduced work; work effort; short-term employment; liquidity assistance; low wage; wage labor; job rotation

VAN POECK, A.: “Dollars, debts, and deficits (Rudiger DORNBUSCH, The MIT Press, 1986)” (p. 939-940); MOESEN, W.: “Fiscal policy in the smaller industrial countries (Gisli BLÖNDAL, International Monetary Fund, 198)” (p. 940); PAUWELS, W.: “Microeconomic theory (Larry SAMUELSON, Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing, 1986)” (p. 941) ROOSENS, P.: “Nederland en de liberalisatie van het handels- en betalingsverkeer (1945-1958) (J.M.M.J. CLERX, Wolters-Noordhoff, 1986)” (p. 942); MEGANCK, J.: “Mesoeconomics (Yew-Kwang NG, Wheatsheaf Books, 1986)” (p. 942-943); KÉSENNE, S.: “Labour-managed firms, employee participation and profit sharing (Will BARTLETT & Milica UVALIC, MCB University Press, 1986)” (p. 943); JEGERS, M.: “The economics of the firm (Roger CLARKE & Tony MCGUINESS, Basil Blackwell, 197)” (p. 943-944); WEVERBERGH, M.: “Mainstreams in industrial organization (H.W. DE JONG & W.G. SHEPHERD, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1986)” (p. 944-945); PAUWELS, J.: “Pre-Classical economic thought (S. Todd LOWRY, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1986)” (p. 945-946); VERBRUGGEN, A.: “Natural resource economics (Daniel W. BROMLEY, Kluwer Nijhoff Publishing, 1985)” (p. 946); VANSINA, L.S.: “The Japanese automobile industry (Michael A. CUSUMANO, Harvard University Press, 1985)” (p. 947); DURINCK, E.: “Strategic behaviour and industrial competition (D.J. MORRIS, P.J.N. SINCLAIR, M.D.E. SLATER & J.S. VICKERS, Clarendon Press, 1986)” (p. 947); KYMPERS, L.: “Competition in global industries (Michael E. PORTER, Harvard Business School Press, 1986)” (p. 948); VLOEBERGHS, D.: “The clash of cultures (Joseph A. RAELIN, Harvard Business School Press, 1986)” (p. 948-949); VAN WATERSCHOOT, W.: “Consumer market research handbook (Robert M. ORCESTER & John DOWNHAM, North-Holland, 1986)” (p. 949-950); JEGERS, M.: “Management of company finance (J.M. SAMUELS & F.M. WILKES, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Ltd., 1986)” (p. 950); CASSIMON, D.: “The financial revolution (Adrian HAMILTON, Penguin Books, 1986)” (p. 951); VLOEBERGHS, D.: “Zes denkende hoofddeksels (Edward DE BONO, uitgevers, 1986)” (p. 951); VLOEBERGHS, D.: “Classic Advice on Handling the Manager’s job (s.n., Publishers, 1986)” (p. 952); VAN MECHELEN, C.: “Financial management with lotus 1-2-3 (Hugh S. MCLAUGHLIN & Russell BOULDING, Prentice-Hall, 1986)” (p. 952-953); MOONS, C.: “dBASE III Plus handbook (George Tsu-der CHOU, Academic Service, 1987)” (p. 953); VAN GREMBERGEN, W.: “SQL in de praktijk (H.B. EILERS, W.F. JANSEN & H.H.J. DE VOLDER, Academic Service, 1986)” (p. 953); VAN MECHELEN, C.: “Economic forecasting for business (John J. MCAULEY, Prentice-Hall, 1986)” (p. 954); COUTURIER, J.J.: “Pensioensparen (Luc BAUDUIN e.a., Uitgeverij Biblo, 1987)” (p. 955-956); GOETHALS, H.: “Koninklijke commissie sociale zekerheid (Herman DELEECK, Kluwer Rechtswetenschappen, 1986)” (p. 956-957); CANTILLON, B.: “Sociale (on)gelijkheid (W.A. DUMON, Sociologisch Onderzoeksinstituut, 1986)” (p. 957-958); VRANKEN, J.: “The perception of poverty (Aldi J.M. HAGENAARS, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1986)” (p. 958-959); BAUDEZ, L.: “Jaarboek van de haven van Antwerpen 1987-1988. Bijlage: Atlas van de haven van Antwerpen (s.n., Antwerpse Lloyd, 1987)” (p. 960); BAUDEZ, L.: “Index van de haven van Antwerpen 1987 (s.n., Antwerpse Lloyd, 1987)” (p. 960); BAUDEZ, L.: “Jaarboek van de haven van Gent 1987 (s.n., Antwerpse Lloyd, 1987)” (p. 960),
A. van Poeck, W. Moesen, W. Pauwels, P. Roosens, J. Meganck, Stefan Kesenne, M. Jegers, M. Weverbergh, J. Pauwels, A. Verbruggen, L.S. Vansina, E. Durinck, L. Kympers, D. Vloeberghs, W. van Waterschoot, M. Jegers, D. Cassimon, C. van Mechelen, C. Moons, W. van Grembergen, J.J. Couturier, H. Goethals, B. Cantillon, J. Vranken and L. Baudez, in Economic and Social Journal (Economisch en Sociaal Tijdschrift) (1987)

Assessing Fiscal Space for Health in Nepal,
Tekabe Belay and Ajay Tandon, from The World Bank (2015)
Keywords: absenteeism, administrative management, adult mortality, Adult mortality rate, allocative efficiency, Annual reports, basic health care, budget constraint, budget process ... See More + budgetary resources, Bulletin, Cancer, capital flight, capitation, capitation payment, capitation payments, cost-effectiveness, crowding, debt, debt interest, demand for health, demand for health services, disease control, diseases, dissemination, distribution system, doctors, economic growth, economic growth rate, Economic Policy, economies of scale, efficiency gains, employment, environmental health, essential drugs, essential health care, existing resources, expenditure envelope, expenditures, expenditures on health, externalities, family planning, family planning commodities, fee for service, female education, financial barriers, financial crisis, financial position, financial protection, financial risk, fiscal conditions, fiscal policy, fiscal stability, fixed costs, forecasts, government budget, government budget constraint, government expenditure, government expenditures, government revenue, government revenues, government spending, growth rate, health care, Health Care Financing, Health Care Policy, Health Care Provider, HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS, health care services, health centers, Health Economics, health expenditure, health expenditures, health facilities, health financing, health indicators, health insurance, health insurance contributions, health insurance system, Health Organization, health outcomes, Health Policy, health posts, Health Promotion, health resources, health results, health sector, health service, health services, health share, health spending, health spending share, health status, health strategy, health system, health system efficiency, health system performance, Health Systems, health workers, health-sector, hospital, hospital beds, hospital revenues, hospitalization, hospitals, Human Development, Human Resources, ill health, illness, immunization, income, income countries, Infant, Infant mortality, infant mortality rate, infant mortality rates, informal sector, insurance premiums, interest payments, life expectancies, Life expectancy, lifestyles, live births, Living Standards, low income, macroeconomic conditions, macroeconomic environment, Malaria, maternal health, maternal mortality, Medical Care, Medical Care Expenditure, medical education, medical supplies, Millennium Development Goals, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, mortality, multilateral donors, national dialogue, national goals, national health, national health insurance, national health systems, national income, National Planning, needs assessment, nurses, Nutrition, official development assistance, payment system, pocket payments, policy makers, policy response, political instability, political turmoil, Poor health, Population Discussion, potential users, Poverty Reduction, price of health care, primary care, Private financing, private hospitals, private sector, private spending, programs, progress, provider payment, provision of health services, provision of services, public expenditure, Public Expenditure on Health, public expenditure review, public expenditures, public health, public health concerns, public hospitals, public sector, public spending, quality of services, reform agenda, remittance, remittances, resource allocations, Richer countries, safe motherhood, sanitation, segments of society, service delivery, share of health spending, skilled birth attendance, social health insurance, social health insurance schemes, social insurance, social protection, teaching hospitals, tolerance, Total expenditure, total spending, transportation, Tuberculosis, Under-five mortality, urbanization, Vaccines, vulnerability, waste, workers, World Health Organization

Cyclical Patterns in Government Health Expenditures Between 1995 and 2010,
Edit V. Velenyi and Marc F. Smitz, from The World Bank (2014)
Keywords: allocation of resources, analytical capacity, Article, automatic stabilizer, automatic stabilizers, balance of payment, banking crises, Burns, BUSINESS CYCLE, business ... See More + cycles, capital flows, capital formation, capital investment, capital spending, Central Bank, central government, central government spending, checks, Country Risk, credit markets, creditworthiness, crisis countries, currency crises, data analysis, DATA AVAILABILITY, data quality, debt, debt crises, debt payments, demand for health, demand for health care, demand for services, developing countries, diagnostic tool, economic cycle, economic development, economic downturn, economic downturns, economic fluctuations, economic growth, ECONOMIC POLICIES, economic policy, ECONOMIC RISK, economic shocks, education spending, efficiency gains, exchange rate, exchange rates, expenditure growth, EXPENDITURES ON HEALTH, exporters, external borrowings, external debt, family planning, financial crises, Financial Crisis, financial flows, financial markets, financial protection, financial resources, financial risk, financial sustainability, financial variables, financing policies, fiscal adjustment, fiscal austerity, fiscal behavior, fiscal constraints, fiscal deficits, Fiscal Health, fiscal impact, fiscal institutions, fiscal policies, fiscal policy, fiscal rules, fiscal stabilization, Fiscal Statistics, fiscal targets, foreign direct investment, government budgets, government consumption, government expenditure, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, government revenue, government revenues, government spending, gross domestic product, growth potential, growth rate, health budgets, health care, health care financing, health coverage, Health Database, health expenditure, HEALTH EXPENDITURES, health financing, health insurance, health insurance funds, health needs, Health Organization, health outcomes, health policies, Health Policy, health sector, health sector reform, health service, health services, health share, health spending, health status, health system, Health Systems, Health Systems Research, health targets, household income, human capital, Human Development, illness, income countries, income effects, income elasticity, income groups, income growth, interest payments, International Bank, intervention, Keynesian theories, liquidity, loan, loan repayment, local currency, local governments, low-income countries, macroeconomic environment, Monetary Fund, National Health, national income, nongovernmental organizations, Nutrition, pensions, personal income, policy formulation, policy responses, political economy, Political Risk, poverty reduction, price volatility, private sector, provision of health services, provision of water, public education, public expenditure, public expenditures, public health, public health spending, public investment, public investments, public sector, public spending, purchasing power, remittances, reserves, returns, Risk Groups, risk management, safety net, sanitation, sector budget, sector policies, sector policy, sectoral allocation, sectoral policies, SOCIAL EXPENDITURES, social insurance, social policies, social policy, social programs, social protection, social safety nets, social services, solvency, sovereign debt, tax, total spending, transparency, Trust Fund, unemployment, voluntary sector

Health Financing in Vanuatu: Challenges and Options,
Ian Anderson, from The World Bank (2014)
Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, addiction, aged, ageing populations, allocative efficiency, babies, basic needs, birth attendants, blindness, both sexes, breast feeding ... See More + burden of disease, cancer, Cardiovascular disease, causes of death, child health, child health services, child mortality, cities, citizens, clinics, communicable diseases, community health, Community Health Services, complications, contraceptive prevalence, deaths, debt, decision making, Demographic factors, demographic trends, developing countries, development assistance, development goals, development objectives, deworming, diabetes, diets, disabilities, disability, disasters, Disparities in Health, dispensaries, doctors, drugs, Early marriage, economic conditions, economic growth, employment, employment opportunities, epidemic, epidemiological transition, essential medicines, expenditures, family planning, fertility, fertility rate, Financial Management, financial position, financial pressures, gender disparity, girls' education, Global Health, Glucose, government finances, Gross domestic product, gross national income, health burden, health care, health centers, health centres, health costs, health effects, HEALTH EXPENDITURE, health facilities, HEALTH FINANCING, health information, health information system, health insurance, Health Organization, HEALTH OUTCOMES, health problems, health risks, health sector, health service, health service delivery, health services, Health Specialist, health system, health workforce, healthy lifestyles, high rate of population growth, HIV, Hospital, hospital buildings, Hospital Services, hospitalization, hospitals, Human Development, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human resources, hunger, hypertension, ill health, illness, Immunization, Immunodeficiency, income, inequities, Infant, Infant mortality, infant mortality rate, infant mortality rates, infants, Injuries, Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses, intervention, large numbers of people, leading cause of death, LEADING CAUSES, Life expectancy, live births, Malaria, married women, maternal health, maternal mortality, maternal mortality rate, measles, medical supplies, medical treatment, medicines, mental health, midwives, migration, Millennium Development Goal, Millennium Development Goals, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, modern family, modern family planning, morbidity, Mortality, national budget, national level, natural disaster, Natural disasters, nature of health, neonatal care, newborn, newborn care, newborns, number of women, nurse, nurses, Nutrition, obesity, obstetric care, Official development assistance, old age, patient, patients, physical activity, Physicians, policy decisions, policy makers, Population growth, population growth rate, population pressures, Poverty Reduction, pregnancy, pregnant women, premature death, primary health care, primary school, Program Manager, progress, public expenditure, Public Financial Management, Public health, Public health expenditure, public policy, Purchasing power, Purchasing power parity, reducing maternal mortality, remittances, reproductive age, Reproductive health, Resource allocation, respect, risk factors, rural areas, sanitation, sanitation facilities, scarce resources, school attendance, school children, screening, services for children, sexually transmitted infections, skilled attendance, skilled attendance at delivery, skilled birth attendance, skilled birth attendants, smokers, Social health insurance, spillover, strategic priorities, Tuberculosis, Under-five mortality, UNFPA, universal access, urban areas, urbanization, vaccine coverage, Village Health Workers, vulnerability, vulnerable groups, woman, workers, World Health Organization, young women

Jobs Diagnostics: “A Step-By-Step Guide"",
Dino Leonardo Merotto, from The World Bank (2020)
Keywords: labor force participation rate; Cost of Doing Business; special economic zone; low labor force participation; labor force survey data; real exchange rate appreciation; labor market model; market failure; economies of scale; demand for labor; low labor productivity; working age population; absence of market; unpaid family worker; high productivity jobs; labor demand; labor supply; binding constraint; high productivity work; owners of capital; per capita income; average real wage; inclusive economic growth; urban job opportunity; trade and transportation; absence of electricity; urban food prices; labor market information; expansion of export; labor market indicator; division of labor; decline in enrollment; high unemployment rate; perfectly competitive model; cross country comparison; university and college; private sector job; private sector business; demand for good; urban labor market; Poverty and Equity; lack of infrastructure; wage employment growth; government intervention; Demographic Transition; traditional sector; labor income; high wage; reservation wage; natural monopolies; productivity growth; product market; working-age population; job growth; new job; Population Projection; associated symptoms; market force; Public Goods; modern sector; policy on performance; productivity gain; skill shortage; average earning; work permit; supply side; relevant market; Learning and Innovation Credit; online tool; formal sector; informal sector; Job Creation; wage work; labor regulation; surplus labor; economic sector; qualified accountants; particular country; geographic location; market economy; wage setting; skill set; low share; new market; Capital Investments; negative growth; population work; agricultural productivity; young graduate; persistent unemployment; professional qualification; restrictive practice; professional group; excess labor; excess worker; wage worker; hourly earnings; large population; alliance model; government behavior; average age; corroborative evidence; technical expertise; human capital; high probability; technical competence; Job Vacancies; Political Economy; business service; work visas; short supply; efficiency wage; factor mobility; young population; policy package; low unemployment; dependency ratio; demographic dividend; low wage; Population Growth; behavior pattern; total employment; labor ratio; local demand; formal business; risky business; labor dynamics; labor movement; Young Workers; interest group; data indicator; diagnostic tool; tradable sector; vulnerable group; workers benefit; private investment; real gdp; household survey; private production; export growth; domestic demand; jobless growth; household income; consumer demand; working condition; dependent population; investment opportunities; fiscal policy; Fiscal policies; bureaucratic structure; labor earning; resource rent; Extractive Industry; Gender Gap; political process; diagnostic approach; value added; private enterprise; merit good; Social Protection; comparative data; population pyramid; equilibrium outcome; welfare economics; online guidance; web link; operational framework; property right; jobs strategies; market rule; relative price; government regulation; analytical tool; public policy; aggregate trends; firm performance; employment type; output growth; imperfect competition; investment climate; population group; fiscal transfer; Public Infrastructure; new business; market distortion; domestic economy; industrial process; information gap; high tax; wage sector; vulnerable communities; public ownership; Tax Administration; private monopoly; relative performance; traded goods; aggregate data; home market; decomposition method; domestic spending; unemployed people; domestic supply; historical data; inclusive development; in work; dutch disease; asymmetric information; middle class; young people; supply response

Kosovo Jobs Diagnostic,
Alexandru Cojocaru, from The World Bank (2017)
Keywords: net job creation;lack of employment opportunities;lack of employment opportunity;Primary and Secondary Education;number of asylum seekers;Life in Transition Survey;Public and Publicly Guaranteed;micro firms;working age population;public sector wage;economies of scale;constraints to growth;global financial crisis;macroeconomic and fiscal;education beyond primary;number of workers;labor market participation;application for asylum;incidence of poverty;privileges and immunity;productivity of capital;agriculture and service;total factor productivity;cost of quality;degree of informality;reason for migration;remittances from migrant;quality and relevance;high unemployment rate;household level data;quality of education;gross value;labor market outcome;labor market indicator;unemployment among woman;share of work;political business cycle;revenue from privatization;cost of access;share of export;external financial crisis;tax policy change;export of goods;transmission and distribution;electric power generation;agricultural labor force;job creation rate;number of jobs;expansionary fiscal policy;business environment constraints;high population growth;flexible work arrangement;Rule of Law;share of employment;types of firms;per capita income;formal sector;registry data;survival rate;firm growth;firm size;job destruction;human capital;firm dynamic;total employment;fiscal deficit;demographic dividend;internal market;skill mismatch;informal sector;job flow;export market;public debt;young population;private consumption;domestic saving;domestic demand;skill shortage;sectoral investment;cross-country comparison;elder care;jobs diagnostic;import substitution;age cohort;world market;young woman;productivity gain;informal firms;private investment;trade regulation;employment creation;Real estate;geographic concentration;Capital Investments;capital accumulation;production capacity;transition matrix;firm entry;construction sector;manufacturing sector;full-time employment;population increase;job performance;population structure;fiscal development;aging population;investment account;construction services;parental care;construction material;net export;fertility rate;replacement rate;childcare center;income source;postsecondary education;high share;capital resource;aggregate demand;customs datum;import data;maternity leave;employment share;panel data;world economy;productivity dynamic;income shock;higher growth;comparator country;disadvantaged area;average share;small economy;small states;export performance;rural transportation infrastructure;economic shock;international market;public finance;fiscal envelope;economic recovery;productive capital;production base;large population;fiscal balance;fiscal stance;Public Spending;Population Projection;foreign buyer;firm exit;entry rate;firm survival;trade integration;property right;industrial sector;political instability;productivity growth;regional concentration;intermediate input;largest firms;job offer;domestic crisis;youth unemployment;Trade Linkages;agricultural productivity;illegal migration;qualified specialist;informal channel;original work;political situation;equitable access;educational opportunity;early age;copyright owner;family reunification;capital stock;educational level;fiscal pressure;discouraged worker;social concern;commercial purpose;sole responsibility;female unemployment;small country;government institution;increasing share;welfare outcome;low-income household;economic sector;labor resource;educated workforce;construction permit;social tension;minority investor;certification system;primary reason;institutional care;hiring decisions;firm level;transaction cost;export agriculture;weather condition;Economic Mobility;physical infrastructure;political connections;transition period;political tension;tradable good;geographical location;family care;negative shock;regulatory environment;Informal Jobs;domestic debt;consumption growth;acceptable limit;higher fee;vat rate;political uncertainty

Job creation in the private sector: an exploratory assessment of patterns and determinants at the macro, sector, and firm levels,
Thomas Farole, Esteban Ferro and Veronica Michel Gutierrez, from The World Bank (2017)
Keywords: Technical and Vocational Education;Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise;fragile and conflict state;Job Creation;private sector job creation;gross fixed capital formation;Upper Middle Income Countries;relative price of capital;active labor market program;millennium development goal;natural rate of unemployment;small and medium size enterprise;rule law indicator;information and communication technology;high level of employment;employment growth;business cycle;Rule of Law;enforcement of law;volatility in output;foreign direct investment;employment growth rate;responses to growth;labor market outcome;types of firms;capital intensity;real output growth;state owned enterprise;labor market rigidity;reduction in poverty;public employment service;working age adults;Labor market rigidities;structure of employment;labor market structure;labor productivity increase;public sector employment;policy and institution;country fixed effect;loss of income;gross capital formation;high growth rate;law and regulation;number of jobs;impact of regulation;supply chain linkage;working age population;Labor Market Flexibility;purchasing power parity;job destruction rate;low income group;higher value added;long-term employment impact;oil producing country;labor market relationship;decline in unemployment;machinery and equipment;jobs and growth;macroeconomic stabilization policy;rate of output;value added tax;labor market development;work long hour;conditional cash transfer;labor force survey;privileges and immunity;access to finance;employment outcome;manufacturing sector;job growth;job flow;Learning and Innovation Credit;high employment;employment elasticity;unemployment rate;regulatory environment;labor regulation;correlation coefficient;firm size;job reallocation;sample period;Business Regulation;severance pay;formal employment;formal sector;job turnover;human capital;regression line;standard error;domestic credit;country variation;macroeconomic condition;transition country;Natural Resources;robustness check;firm level;high correlation;rolling regression;negative correlation;adjustment cost;macroeconomic variable;transition countries;cross-country differences;future research;probation period;adjustment process;Jobless Recovery;business environment;negative effect;industrial activity;positive coefficient;constant term;net inflows;informal sector;job loss;firm exit;employment protection;cyclical fluctuation;Employment Change;sectoral analysis;statistical significance;basic relationships;income grouping;negative coefficient;empirical analysis;composite index;economic freedom;negative relationship;cyclical output;financial crisis;sectoral composition;enabling environment;transaction cost;modern economy;lagged change;negative value;labor shedding;informal apprenticeship;average employment;previous subsection;business sector;household survey;enterprise sector;creative destruction;product market;partnership framework;interaction effect;empirical result;cross-country study;health problem;regulatory variable;Advisory services;inconsistent estimate;high compliance;market condition;Social Welfare;ample evidence;empirical study;competitive force;power outage;investment climate;high unemployment;comparative advantage;unemployment reduction;tax purpose;high volatility;output volatility;firm survey;social cohesion;institutional factor;economic expansion;Fiscal policies;fiscal policy;copyright owner;housing census;real gdp;sole responsibility;public expenditure;original work;commercial purpose;dynamic equations;cross-country data;wood product;Transition economies;aggregate demand;common perception;Doing Business Reports;economic stability;wage worker;macroeconomic indicator;manufacturing activities;substitute capital;relative demand;coefficient estimate;important policy;informal worker;non-governmental organization;industrial transformation;employment relationship;oil producer;ceteris paribus;domestic supply;employment multiplier;sectoral growth;cyclical unemployment

Gender-Based Employment Segregation: Understanding Causes and Policy Interventions,
Smita Das and Aphichoke Kotikula, from The World Bank (2019)
Keywords: Life in Transition Survey;data needs;transition from school to work;female labor force participation;external cause of injury;life expectancy at birth;life expectancy for men;Primary and Secondary Education;gender gap in access;analysis of gender issues;gender gap in employment;adult male mortality;male life expectancy;Labor Market;gender wage gap;labor market outcome;violence against woman;gender difference;lack of skill;dimension of gender;health for all;fields of study;adult mortality rate;social and gender;working age population;adult man;Gender Equality;sense of identity;improvements in health;service delivery institution;child care services;reducing maternal mortality;number of women;assessment of gender;acquisition of skill;barriers for woman;voice and agency;participation in society;Junior Professional Associate;moral hazard model;education and health;return to education;high death rate;labor market characteristic;lack of opportunity;higher professional education;disparity in mortality;ischaemic heart disease;health care cost;gender earnings gap;social insurance system;single parent family;long-term fiscal sustainability;Fee-Based Services;higher education institution;labor market regulation;information for women;public health worker;women in entrepreneurship;area of education;girls in education;share of woman;culture and art;human capital endowment;maternal mortality rate;Gender Inequality;gender inequalities;occupational segregation;risky behavior;life satisfaction;Alcohol Consumption;female participation;positive impact;male adult;suicide rate;young woman;young men;probit regression;retirement age;formal statistics;gender disparity;family formation;education level;morbidity rate;literature review;gender imbalance;adult woman;Death rates;university degree;heart attack;productivity growth;gender assessment;designing policy;family responsibility;circulatory diseases;professional school;marital status;local researcher;unpaid work;childcare services;skilled woman;career development;wage distribution;earnings distribution;consumer service;gender asymmetry;wage worker;metabolic disease;model specification;rising cost;labor status;university reform;job market;tertiary level;labor legislation;early retirement;population trend;medical service;illegal abortion;rural area;female graduate;regional variation;social sanctions;Vocational Training;paid worker;young child;working life;child bearing;Social Sciences;employment gap;elderly men;employment rate;labor division;weighted average;circulatory system;excess mortality;significant challenge;malignant neoplasms;respiratory system;capitalist economy;labor code;aging population;work underground;oil well;equal numbers;dependency ratio;gender statistic;healthcare system;breast cancer;cervical cancer;economic crisis;poverty impact;educational outcome;active labor;gender parity;productive years;hazardous job;political participation;institutional improvement;ill health;gender study;gender aspect;rural woman;aggressive behavior;cultural environment;electronic media;government representative;alcohol drinking;research community;unemployment level;political transformation;transition process;theoretical model;Economic Mobility;labor condition;administrative support;subsidiary right;personal care;applicable law;equal access;income growth;national stakeholder;premature mortality;egalitarian society;aging society;previous work;delivery service;academic community;income gap;econometric technique;alcohol production;Equal Opportunity;political sphere;educated woman;employment status;driving force;tobacco ban;negative effect;legislation change;social situation;coping mechanism;Coping Mechanisms;regional disparity;risk activities;career choice;causal effect;Cardiovascular Disease;asymmetric information;gender norm;high unemployment;psychological stress;psychological factors;heavy drinking;legal regulation;labor participation;severely limits;upward mobility;entrepreneurial activity;equal pay

Theoretical Underpinnings of Jobs Diagnostics,
Hernan Jorge Winkler and Alvaro Gonzalez, from The World Bank (2020)
Keywords: transition from school to work; high rate of population growth; rates of return to education; independent central bank; labor productivity; labor market outcome; labor force participation rate; marginal product of labor; law of one price; marginal productivity of labor; employment elasticity of growth; public investment in infrastructure; low returns to education; low levels of income; increasing labor force participation; Cost of Doing Business; degree of market concentration; public sector pay policy; source of market failure; share of total spending; real exchange rate appreciation; public provision of infrastructure; school to work transition; increase in labor; Center for Economic Studies; public provision of education; labor market model; demand for labor; working age population; formal sector employment; number of workers; net job creation; share of employment; labor market indicator; labor productivity growth; unit labor costs; Labor market rigidities; labor market rigidity; unpaid family worker; private sector wage; labor demand curve; value added; wage employment; returns to capital; low labor productivity; labor income; demand for good; lack of competition; supply of labor; absence of market; efficiency of capital; availability of data; high productivity jobs; types of firms; informal labor market; share of wage; movement of worker; number of jobs; flow of worker; firm level analysis; analysis of trends; gender wage gap; per capita income; formal sector worker; demand for worker; labor market structure; low income economy; barrier to entry; growth and development; entire labor force; manufacturing labor force; real wage; labor market development; transmission and distribution; labor market behavior; terms of trade; employment in agriculture; implementation of policies; labor productivity level; access to capital; quality of job; cause for concern; human capital investment; human capital endowment; educated labor force; public sector job; public sector wage; wages and salary; living standard measurement; peer group comparison; economies of scale; investment in capital; high compliance costs; policy or regulation; difference in wages; perfectly competitive model; competitive exchange rate; public service delivery; exchange rate policy; public health measures; social insurance payments; labor force working; price of labor; urban labor force; failure to thrive; use of capital; average employment size; new employment opportunity; composition of employment; rapid population growth; formal sector wage; income support payment; Public Sector Failure; better land use; public sector intervention; exchange rate management; private sector provision; rates of urbanization; lack of skill; labor market information; market clearing wage; degree of competition; movement of labor; decline in agriculture; labor force growth; minimum wage regulation; lower income countries; literacy and numeracy; low level equilibrium; fees and charge; real economic growth; lack of competitiveness; initial equilibrium level; tertiary training institution; Access to Electricity; supply of worker; crime and violence; total labor force; labor sector; level of employment; lack of demand; human capital level; export processing zone; private sector performance; technical vocational education; private sector job; foreign exchange transaction; labor saving technology; total wage bill; investment climate reform; small business economics; labor market transition; labor market distortion; aggregate productivity growth; private sector demand; law and economics; low education outcome; share of labor; city road network; high unemployment rate; private sector lending; random effects model; reallocation of resource; partial equilibrium model; old age dependency; temporary work permit; sectoral growth rate; removal of barrier; special economic zone; Poverty and Equity; tax return data; high wage premium; return to investment; public sector employment; high fixed cost

Managing the Employment Impacts of the covid-19 crisis: policy options for relief and restructuring,
Eliana Carranza, Thomas Farole, Ugo Gentilini, Matteo Morgandi, Truman Packard, Indhira Santos and Michael Weber, from The World Bank (2020)
Keywords: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise; Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions; relative price of capital; small and medium size enterprise; elasticity of labor supply; active labor market program; Wage Subsidies; wage subsidy; global financial crisis; public health crisis; social security contribution; employment subsidy; public health measures; wage subsidy program; cash transfer program; unemployment insurance system; informal sector worker; demand for labor; formal banking sector; support sme; in policy design; credit guarantee scheme; number of banks; provision of loans; payment of cash; incentive for employer; labor supply incentive; Gender-Based Violence; social protection program; income of household; Supply Chain Finance; Rural Travel and Transport; capacity of individual; fixed interest rate; business to business; business to consumer; small business administration; corporate income tax; corporate tax rate; interest rate cap; loans to business; loans for sme; barriers to capital; government policy interventions; effect on employment; care for child; place of work; privileges and immunity; loss of livelihood; wage subsidy scheme; Social Security Records; private sector company; payment of wage; lump sum payment; supply of labor; public health concern; lines of credit; export credit guarantee; social assistance system; decline in revenue; flexible work arrangement; speed of recovery; termination of employment; absence of access; form of credit; working capital; informal firms; minimum wage; employment impact; labor demand; informal worker; advanced country; policy option; Job Creation; resilient recovery; Wage Bill; fiscal space; loan guarantee; support worker; running cost; previous crisis; Political Economy; value chain; multiplier effect; viable business; payroll cost; social distance; SME lending; rent payment; firm size; government contract; banking system; wage employment; worker's salary; subsidized rate; Cash flow; employment relationship; compensation scheme; human capital; reduced work; financial market; in work; alternative employment; government support; implementing policy; extreme poverty; rising unemployment; Exit Strategy; commercial enterprise; emergency measure; loan repayment; work leave; sole responsibility; capital asset; depreciation allowance; tax year; property purchase; prompt payment; income threshold; income support; family leave; temporary employment; external environment; productivity benefit; federal government; social contribution; tax payment; loan obligation; total tax; young child; job loss; government pay; utility payment; government property; sovereign guarantee; rental payment; guarantee program; formal finance; bank lending; enterprise finance; short-term credit; E-Commerce Law; informal employment; risk sharing; duty drawback; commercial purpose; tax obligation; accelerated depreciation; liquidity injection; sales volume; paper issue; original work; interest-free loan; civil law; private company; several months; emergency management; soft loan; subsistence wage; daily wage; electronic message; fiscal resource; job retention; tax debit; fiscal constraint; severance pay; Informal Economy; payroll contribution; deadweight loss; market wage; universal interventions; complementary policies; social cost; capital grant; institutional context; income shock; general taxation; credit initiative; health emergency; disbursing loan; job destruction; economic efficiency; alternative policy; tax registry; particular country; future productivity; substitution effect; copyright owner; significant loss; universal provision; administrative cost; allocative efficiency; large bank; investment capital; take time; temporary measure; basic infrastructure; negative spillover; enterprise sector; high unemployment; social contract; large corporation; essential services; increased access; government guarantee; capital injection; SME credit; public support; credit subsidy; advanced economy; unpaid leave

Managing the Employment Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis: Policy Options for Relief and Restructuring (English),
Eliana Carranza, Thomas Farole, Ugo Gentilini, Matteo Morgandi, Truman Packard, Indhira Vanessa Santos and Michael Weber, from The World Bank (2020)
Keywords: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise; Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions; relative price of capital; small and medium size enterprise; elasticity of labor supply; active labor market program; Wage Subsidies; wage subsidy; global financial crisis; public health crisis; social security contribution; employment subsidy; public health measures; wage subsidy program; cash transfer program; unemployment insurance system; informal sector worker; demand for labor; formal banking sector; support sme; in policy design; credit guarantee scheme; number of banks; provision of loans; payment of cash; incentive for employer; labor supply incentive; Gender-Based Violence; social protection program; income of household; Supply Chain Finance; Rural Travel and Transport; capacity of individual; fixed interest rate; business to business; business to consumer; small business administration; corporate income tax; corporate tax rate; interest rate cap; loans to business; loans for sme; barriers to capital; government policy interventions; effect on employment; care for child; place of work; privileges and immunity; loss of livelihood; wage subsidy scheme; Social Security Records; private sector company; payment of wage; lump sum payment; supply of labor; public health concern; lines of credit; export credit guarantee; social assistance system; decline in revenue; flexible work arrangement; speed of recovery; termination of employment; absence of access; form of credit; working capital; informal firms; minimum wage; employment impact; labor demand; informal worker; advanced country; policy option; Job Creation; resilient recovery; Wage Bill; fiscal space; loan guarantee; support worker; running cost; previous crisis; Political Economy; value chain; multiplier effect; viable business; payroll cost; social distance; SME lending; rent payment; firm size; government contract; banking system; wage employment; worker's salary; subsidized rate; Cash flow; employment relationship; compensation scheme; human capital; reduced work; financial market; in work; alternative employment; government support; implementing policy; extreme poverty; rising unemployment; Exit Strategy; commercial enterprise; emergency measure; loan repayment; work leave; sole responsibility; capital asset; depreciation allowance; tax year; property purchase; prompt payment; income threshold; income support; family leave; temporary employment; external environment; productivity benefit; federal government; social contribution; tax payment; loan obligation; total tax; young child; job loss; government pay; utility payment; government property; sovereign guarantee; rental payment; guarantee program; formal finance; bank lending; enterprise finance; short-term credit; E-Commerce Law; informal employment; risk sharing; duty drawback; commercial purpose; tax obligation; accelerated depreciation; liquidity injection; sales volume; paper issue; original work; interest-free loan; civil law; private company; several months; emergency management; soft loan; subsistence wage; daily wage; electronic message; fiscal resource; job retention; tax debit; fiscal constraint; severance pay; Informal Economy; payroll contribution; deadweight loss; market wage; universal interventions; complementary policies; social cost; capital grant; institutional context; income shock; general taxation; credit initiative; health emergency; disbursing loan; job destruction; economic efficiency; alternative policy; tax registry; particular country; future productivity; substitution effect; copyright owner; significant loss; universal provision; administrative cost; allocative efficiency; large bank; investment capital; take time; temporary measure; basic infrastructure; negative spillover; enterprise sector; high unemployment; social contract; large corporation; essential services; increased access; government guarantee; capital injection; SME credit; public support; credit subsidy; advanced economy; unpaid leave

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