Free fatty acid receptors: emerging targets for treatment of diabetes and its complications (Q36327956)

13 August 2017

Free fatty acid receptors: emerging targets for treatment of diabetes and its complications (English)

1 reference

13 August 2017

0 references

Venkat Vangaveti

1 reference

13 August 2017

Venkatesh Shashidhar

1 reference

13 August 2017

Ghassan Jarrod

1 reference

13 August 2017

Bernhard T Baune

1 reference

13 August 2017

R Lee Kennedy

1 reference

13 August 2017

1 August 2010

1 reference

Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism

13 August 2017

1 reference

13 August 2017

1 reference

13 August 2017

1 reference

13 August 2017

165-175

1 reference

The year in G protein-coupled receptor research

13 August 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Gut microbiota as a regulator of energy homeostasis and ectopic fat deposition: mechanisms and implications for metabolic disorders

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Mechanism of ethanol-induced insulin secretion from INS-1 and INS-1E tumor cell lines.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

N-oleoyldopamine enhances glucose homeostasis through the activation of GPR119.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

GPR119 agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Cloning, expression, and pharmacological characterization of the GPR120 free fatty acid receptor from cynomolgus monkey: comparison with human GPR120 splice variants

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

G-protein coupled receptors mediating long chain fatty acid signalling in the pancreatic beta-cell

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and death in women: potential mediating mechanisms

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

GPR119 agonists: a promising new approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Molecular pharmacology of promiscuous seven transmembrane receptors sensing organic nutrients.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Novel selective ligands for free fatty acid receptors GPR120 and GPR40.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Free fatty acid receptors act as nutrient sensors to regulate energy homeostasis

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Progress in the discovery and development of small-molecule modulators of G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40/FFA1/FFAR1): an emerging target for type 2 diabetes

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Overexpression of GPR40 in pancreatic beta-cells augments glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in normal and diabetic mice

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Lipid G protein-coupled receptor ligand identification using beta-arrestin PathHunter assay

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

GPR119 is required for physiological regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion but not for metabolic homeostasis

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

ApoE-dependent modulation of HDL and atherosclerosis by G2A in LDL receptor-deficient mice independent of bone marrow-derived cells

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

G2A deficiency in mice promotes macrophage activation and atherosclerosis

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Nutrient-dependent secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from primary murine K cells

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Two arginine-glutamate ionic locks near the extracellular surface of FFAR1 gate receptor activation.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

G2A as a receptor for oxidized free fatty acids

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

International Union of Pharmacology. LXXI. Free fatty acid receptors FFA1, -2, and -3: pharmacology and pathophysiological functions

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Discovery of potent and selective agonists for the free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA(1)/GPR40), a potential target for the treatment of type II diabetes.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

The G protein-coupled receptor G2A: involvement in hepatic lipid metabolism and gallstone formation in mice

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Identification of a lipokine, a lipid hormone linking adipose tissue to systemic metabolism

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

The long-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR40, and glucolipotoxicity: investigations using GPR40-knockout mice

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Endogenous and synthetic agonists of GPR119 differ in signalling pathways and their effects on insulin secretion in MIN6c4 insulinoma cells

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Discovery of the first potent and orally efficacious agonist of the orphan G-protein coupled receptor 119

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

The fatty acid receptor GPR40 plays a role in insulin secretion in vivo after high-fat feeding.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Expression of free fatty acid receptor GPR40 in the neurogenic niche of adult monkey hippocampus

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

GPR119, a novel G protein-coupled receptor target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

G2A plays proinflammatory roles in human keratinocytes under oxidative stress as a receptor for 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Free fatty acids induce cholecystokinin secretion through GPR120.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Concentrated oat beta-glucan, a fermentable fiber, lowers serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults in a randomized controlled trial

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Absence of the G protein-coupled receptor G2A in mice promotes monocyte/endothelial interactions in aorta

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

The regulation of adipogenesis through GPR120.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

The G-protein-coupled receptor 40 family (GPR40-GPR43) and its role in nutrient sensing

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Pharmacological regulation of insulin secretion in MIN6 cells through the fatty acid receptor GPR40: identification of agonist and antagonist small molecules

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Deorphanization of a G protein-coupled receptor for oleoylethanolamide and its use in the discovery of small-molecule hypophagic agents

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, is expressed by enteroendocrine cells and mucosal mast cells in rat intestine

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Identification of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and other oxidized free fatty acids as ligands of the G protein-coupled receptor G2A

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Acetate and propionate short chain fatty acids stimulate adipogenesis via GPCR43

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Free fatty acids inhibit serum deprivation-induced apoptosis through GPR120 in a murine enteroendocrine cell line STC-1

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Gi-independent macrophage chemotaxis to lysophosphatidylcholine via the immunoregulatory GPCR G2A.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Short-chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR41

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Free fatty acids regulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells through GPR40.

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

A human cell surface receptor activated by free fatty acids and thiazolidinedione drugs

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR40 is activated by medium and long chain fatty acids

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

The Orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Expression of G2A, a receptor for lysophosphatidylcholine, by macrophages in murine, rabbit, and human atherosclerotic plaques

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Free fatty acids and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Regulation of adipocyte differentiation by histone deacetylase inhibitors

30 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

GPR119 is essential for oleoylethanolamide-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the intestinal enteroendocrine L-cell

29 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 43 in adipocytes leads to inhibition of lipolysis and suppression of plasma free fatty acids

29 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

The fermentable fibre inulin increases postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and reduces free-fatty acids and ghrelin in healthy subjects

29 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Decrease of food intake in rats after ingestion of medium-chain triacylglycerol.

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Effects of sodium butyrate on the differentiation of pancreatic and hepatic progenitor cells from mouse embryonic stem cells

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Adaptation of colonic fermentation and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion with increased wheat fibre intake for 1 year in hyperinsulinaemic human subjects

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Moderate alcohol intake is associated with decreased risk of insulin resistance among individuals with vitamin D insufficiency.

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Colocalization of GPR120 with phospholipase-Cbeta2 and alpha-gustducin in the taste bud cells in mice.

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Identification of G protein-coupled receptor 120-selective agonists derived from PPARgamma agonists.

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Discovery of diacylphloroglucinols as a new class of GPR40 (FFAR1) agonists

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Identification and functional characterization of allosteric agonists for the G protein-coupled receptor FFA2.

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Usefulness of colon targeted DHA and EPA as novel diabetes medications that promote intrinsic GLP-1 secretion

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Combination of GLP-1 and sodium butyrate promote differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells into insulin-producing cells

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Cloning and characterization of the rat free fatty acid receptor GPR120: in vivo effect of the natural ligand on GLP-1 secretion and proliferation of pancreatic beta cells.

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

A role for intestinal endocrine cell-expressed g protein-coupled receptor 119 in glycemic control by enhancing glucagon-like Peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic Peptide release

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

GPR expression in the rat taste bud relating to fatty acid sensing.

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

GPR40 is expressed in glucagon producing cells and affects glucagon secretion

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Caprylic acid infusion acts in the liver to decrease food intake in rats

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

The FFA receptor GPR40 links hyperinsulinemia, hepatic steatosis, and impaired glucose homeostasis in mouse

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Loss of G2A promotes macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions of low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice.

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=3474614

Short-chain fatty acids modify colonic motility through nerves and polypeptide YY release in the rat

22 September 2018

1 reference

12 December 2020

A role for beta-cell-expressed G protein-coupled receptor 119 in glycemic control by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin release

1 reference

12 December 2020

Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal

1 reference

12 December 2020

1 reference

12 December 2020

Parenteral medium-chain triglyceride-induced neutrophil activation is not mediated by a Pertussis Toxin sensitive receptor

1 reference

12 December 2020

Identifiers

DOI

10.1177/2042018810381066

1 reference

13 August 2017

1 reference

13 August 2017

PubMed publication ID

23148161

1 reference