Forge

var forge = require('node-forge');

// run this *after* including the forge script
forge.options.usePureJavaScript = true;

var forge = require('node-forge');
forge.options.usePureJavaScript = true;

// create TLS client
var client = forge.tls.createConnection({
  server: false,
  caStore: /* Array of PEM-formatted certs or a CA store object */,
  sessionCache: {},
  // supported cipher suites in order of preference
  cipherSuites: [
    forge.tls.CipherSuites.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
    forge.tls.CipherSuites.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA],
  virtualHost: 'example.com',
  verify: function(connection, verified, depth, certs) {
    if(depth === 0) {
      var cn = certs[0].subject.getField('CN').value;
      if(cn !== 'example.com') {
        verified = {
          alert: forge.tls.Alert.Description.bad_certificate,
          message: 'Certificate common name does not match hostname.'
        };
      }
    }
    return verified;
  },
  connected: function(connection) {
    console.log('connected');
    // send message to server
    connection.prepare(forge.util.encodeUtf8('Hi server!'));
    /* NOTE: experimental, start heartbeat retransmission timer
    myHeartbeatTimer = setInterval(function() {
      connection.prepareHeartbeatRequest(forge.util.createBuffer('1234'));
    }, 5*60*1000);*/
  },
  /* provide a client-side cert if you want
  getCertificate: function(connection, hint) {
    return myClientCertificate;
  },
  /* the private key for the client-side cert if provided */
  getPrivateKey: function(connection, cert) {
    return myClientPrivateKey;
  },
  tlsDataReady: function(connection) {
    // TLS data (encrypted) is ready to be sent to the server
    sendToServerSomehow(connection.tlsData.getBytes());
    // if you were communicating with the server below, you'd do:
    // server.process(connection.tlsData.getBytes());
  },
  dataReady: function(connection) {
    // clear data from the server is ready
    console.log('the server sent: ' +
      forge.util.decodeUtf8(connection.data.getBytes()));
    // close connection
    connection.close();
  },
  /* NOTE: experimental
  heartbeatReceived: function(connection, payload) {
    // restart retransmission timer, look at payload
    clearInterval(myHeartbeatTimer);
    myHeartbeatTimer = setInterval(function() {
      connection.prepareHeartbeatRequest(forge.util.createBuffer('1234'));
    }, 5*60*1000);
    payload.getBytes();
  },*/
  closed: function(connection) {
    console.log('disconnected');
  },
  error: function(connection, error) {
    console.log('uh oh', error);
  }
});

// start the handshake process
client.handshake();

// when encrypted TLS data is received from the server, process it
client.process(encryptedBytesFromServer);

// create TLS server
var server = forge.tls.createConnection({
  server: true,
  caStore: /* Array of PEM-formatted certs or a CA store object */,
  sessionCache: {},
  // supported cipher suites in order of preference
  cipherSuites: [
    forge.tls.CipherSuites.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
    forge.tls.CipherSuites.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA],
  // require a client-side certificate if you want
  verifyClient: true,
  verify: function(connection, verified, depth, certs) {
    if(depth === 0) {
      var cn = certs[0].subject.getField('CN').value;
      if(cn !== 'the-client') {
        verified = {
          alert: forge.tls.Alert.Description.bad_certificate,
          message: 'Certificate common name does not match expected client.'
        };
      }
    }
    return verified;
  },
  connected: function(connection) {
    console.log('connected');
    // send message to client
    connection.prepare(forge.util.encodeUtf8('Hi client!'));
    /* NOTE: experimental, start heartbeat retransmission timer
    myHeartbeatTimer = setInterval(function() {
      connection.prepareHeartbeatRequest(forge.util.createBuffer('1234'));
    }, 5*60*1000);*/
  },
  getCertificate: function(connection, hint) {
    return myServerCertificate;
  },
  getPrivateKey: function(connection, cert) {
    return myServerPrivateKey;
  },
  tlsDataReady: function(connection) {
    // TLS data (encrypted) is ready to be sent to the client
    sendToClientSomehow(connection.tlsData.getBytes());
    // if you were communicating with the client above you'd do:
    // client.process(connection.tlsData.getBytes());
  },
  dataReady: function(connection) {
    // clear data from the client is ready
    console.log('the client sent: ' +
      forge.util.decodeUtf8(connection.data.getBytes()));
    // close connection
    connection.close();
  },
  /* NOTE: experimental
  heartbeatReceived: function(connection, payload) {
    // restart retransmission timer, look at payload
    clearInterval(myHeartbeatTimer);
    myHeartbeatTimer = setInterval(function() {
      connection.prepareHeartbeatRequest(forge.util.createBuffer('1234'));
    }, 5*60*1000);
    payload.getBytes();
  },*/
  closed: function(connection) {
    console.log('disconnected');
  },
  error: function(connection, error) {
    console.log('uh oh', error);
  }
});

// when encrypted TLS data is received from the client, process it
server.process(encryptedBytesFromClient);

var socket = new net.Socket();

var client = forge.tls.createConnection({
  server: false,
  verify: function(connection, verified, depth, certs) {
    // skip verification for testing
    console.log('[tls] server certificate verified');
    return true;
  },
  connected: function(connection) {
    console.log('[tls] connected');
    // prepare some data to send (note that the string is interpreted as
    // 'binary' encoded, which works for HTTP which only uses ASCII, use
    // forge.util.encodeUtf8(str) otherwise
    client.prepare('GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n');
  },
  tlsDataReady: function(connection) {
    // encrypted data is ready to be sent to the server
    var data = connection.tlsData.getBytes();
    socket.write(data, 'binary'); // encoding should be 'binary'
  },
  dataReady: function(connection) {
    // clear data from the server is ready
    var data = connection.data.getBytes();
    console.log('[tls] data received from the server: ' + data);
  },
  closed: function() {
    console.log('[tls] disconnected');
  },
  error: function(connection, error) {
    console.log('[tls] error', error);
  }
});

socket.on('connect', function() {
  console.log('[socket] connected');
  client.handshake();
});
socket.on('data', function(data) {
  client.process(data.toString('binary')); // encoding should be 'binary'
});
socket.on('end', function() {
  console.log('[socket] disconnected');
});

// connect to google.com
socket.connect(443, 'google.com');

// or connect to gmail's imap server (but don't send the HTTP header above)
//socket.connect(993, 'imap.gmail.com');

// create an HTTP GET request
var request = forge.http.createRequest({method: 'GET', path: url.path});

// send the request somewhere
sendSomehow(request.toString());

// receive response
var buffer = forge.util.createBuffer();
var response = forge.http.createResponse();
var someAsyncDataHandler = function(bytes) {
  if(!response.bodyReceived) {
    buffer.putBytes(bytes);
    if(!response.headerReceived) {
      if(response.readHeader(buffer)) {
        console.log('HTTP response header: ' + response.toString());
      }
    }
    if(response.headerReceived && !response.bodyReceived) {
      if(response.readBody(buffer)) {
        console.log('HTTP response body: ' + response.body);
      }
    }
  }
};

// encodes (and optionally encrypts) a private RSA key as a Putty PPK file
forge.ssh.privateKeyToPutty(privateKey, passphrase, comment);

// encodes a public RSA key as an OpenSSH file
forge.ssh.publicKeyToOpenSSH(key, comment);

// encodes a private RSA key as an OpenSSH file
forge.ssh.privateKeyToOpenSSH(privateKey, passphrase);

// gets the SSH public key fingerprint in a byte buffer
forge.ssh.getPublicKeyFingerprint(key);

// gets a hex-encoded, colon-delimited SSH public key fingerprint
forge.ssh.getPublicKeyFingerprint(key, {encoding: 'hex', delimiter: ':'});

// TODO

// TODO

// generate a random key and IV
// Note: a key size of 16 bytes will use AES-128, 24 => AES-192, 32 => AES-256
var key = forge.random.getBytesSync(16);
var iv = forge.random.getBytesSync(16);

/* alternatively, generate a password-based 16-byte key
var salt = forge.random.getBytesSync(128);
var key = forge.pkcs5.pbkdf2('password', salt, numIterations, 16);
*/

// encrypt some bytes using CBC mode
// (other modes include: ECB, CFB, OFB, CTR, and GCM)
// Note: CBC and ECB modes use PKCS#7 padding as default
var cipher = forge.cipher.createCipher('AES-CBC', key);
cipher.start({iv: iv});
cipher.update(forge.util.createBuffer(someBytes));
cipher.finish();
var encrypted = cipher.output;
// outputs encrypted hex
console.log(encrypted.toHex());

// decrypt some bytes using CBC mode
// (other modes include: CFB, OFB, CTR, and GCM)
var decipher = forge.cipher.createDecipher('AES-CBC', key);
decipher.start({iv: iv});
decipher.update(encrypted);
var result = decipher.finish(); // check 'result' for true/false
// outputs decrypted hex
console.log(decipher.output.toHex());

// decrypt bytes using CBC mode and streaming
// Performance can suffer for large multi-MB inputs due to buffer
// manipulations. Stream processing in chunks can offer significant
// improvement. CPU intensive update() calls could also be performed with
// setImmediate/setTimeout to avoid blocking the main browser UI thread (not
// shown here). Optimal block size depends on the JavaScript VM and other
// factors. Encryption can use a simple technique for increased performance.
var encryptedBytes = encrypted.bytes();
var decipher = forge.cipher.createDecipher('AES-CBC', key);
decipher.start({iv: iv});
var length = encryptedBytes.length;
var chunkSize = 1024 * 64;
var index = 0;
var decrypted = '';
do {
  decrypted += decipher.output.getBytes();
  var buf = forge.util.createBuffer(encryptedBytes.substr(index, chunkSize));
  decipher.update(buf);
  index += chunkSize;
} while(index < length);
var result = decipher.finish();
assert(result);
decrypted += decipher.output.getBytes();
console.log(forge.util.bytesToHex(decrypted));

// encrypt some bytes using GCM mode
var cipher = forge.cipher.createCipher('AES-GCM', key);
cipher.start({
  iv: iv, // should be a 12-byte binary-encoded string or byte buffer
  additionalData: 'binary-encoded string', // optional
  tagLength: 128 // optional, defaults to 128 bits
});
cipher.update(forge.util.createBuffer(someBytes));
cipher.finish();
var encrypted = cipher.output;
var tag = cipher.mode.tag;
// outputs encrypted hex
console.log(encrypted.toHex());
// outputs authentication tag
console.log(tag.toHex());

// decrypt some bytes using GCM mode
var decipher = forge.cipher.createDecipher('AES-GCM', key);
decipher.start({
  iv: iv,
  additionalData: 'binary-encoded string', // optional
  tagLength: 128, // optional, defaults to 128 bits
  tag: tag // authentication tag from encryption
});
decipher.update(encrypted);
var pass = decipher.finish();
// pass is false if there was a failure (eg: authentication tag didn't match)
if(pass) {
  // outputs decrypted hex
  console.log(decipher.output.toHex());
}

var forge = require('node-forge');
var fs = require('fs');

// openssl enc -des3 -in input.txt -out input.enc
function encrypt(password) {
  var input = fs.readFileSync('input.txt', {encoding: 'binary'});

  // 3DES key and IV sizes
  var keySize = 24;
  var ivSize = 8;

  // get derived bytes
  // Notes:
  // 1. If using an alternative hash (eg: "-md sha1") pass
  //   "forge.md.sha1.create()" as the final parameter.
  // 2. If using "-nosalt", set salt to null.
  var salt = forge.random.getBytesSync(8);
  // var md = forge.md.sha1.create(); // "-md sha1"
  var derivedBytes = forge.pbe.opensslDeriveBytes(
    password, salt, keySize + ivSize/*, md*/);
  var buffer = forge.util.createBuffer(derivedBytes);
  var key = buffer.getBytes(keySize);
  var iv = buffer.getBytes(ivSize);

  var cipher = forge.cipher.createCipher('3DES-CBC', key);
  cipher.start({iv: iv});
  cipher.update(forge.util.createBuffer(input, 'binary'));
  cipher.finish();

  var output = forge.util.createBuffer();

  // if using a salt, prepend this to the output:
  if(salt !== null) {
    output.putBytes('Salted__'); // (add to match openssl tool output)
    output.putBytes(salt);
  }
  output.putBuffer(cipher.output);

  fs.writeFileSync('input.enc', output.getBytes(), {encoding: 'binary'});
}

// openssl enc -d -des3 -in input.enc -out input.dec.txt
function decrypt(password) {
  var input = fs.readFileSync('input.enc', {encoding: 'binary'});

  // parse salt from input
  input = forge.util.createBuffer(input, 'binary');
  // skip "Salted__" (if known to be present)
  input.getBytes('Salted__'.length);
  // read 8-byte salt
  var salt = input.getBytes(8);

  // Note: if using "-nosalt", skip above parsing and use
  // var salt = null;

  // 3DES key and IV sizes
  var keySize = 24;
  var ivSize = 8;

  var derivedBytes = forge.pbe.opensslDeriveBytes(
    password, salt, keySize + ivSize);
  var buffer = forge.util.createBuffer(derivedBytes);
  var key = buffer.getBytes(keySize);
  var iv = buffer.getBytes(ivSize);

  var decipher = forge.cipher.createDecipher('3DES-CBC', key);
  decipher.start({iv: iv});
  decipher.update(input);
  var result = decipher.finish(); // check 'result' for true/false

  fs.writeFileSync(
    'input.dec.txt', decipher.output.getBytes(), {encoding: 'binary'});
}

// generate a random key and IV
var key = forge.random.getBytesSync(16);
var iv = forge.random.getBytesSync(8);

// encrypt some bytes
var cipher = forge.rc2.createEncryptionCipher(key);
cipher.start(iv);
cipher.update(forge.util.createBuffer(someBytes));
cipher.finish();
var encrypted = cipher.output;
// outputs encrypted hex
console.log(encrypted.toHex());

// decrypt some bytes
var cipher = forge.rc2.createDecryptionCipher(key);
cipher.start(iv);
cipher.update(encrypted);
cipher.finish();
// outputs decrypted hex
console.log(cipher.output.toHex());

var ed25519 = forge.pki.ed25519;

// generate a random ED25519 keypair
var keypair = ed25519.generateKeyPair();
// `keypair.publicKey` is a node.js Buffer or Uint8Array
// `keypair.privateKey` is a node.js Buffer or Uint8Array

// generate a random ED25519 keypair based on a random 32-byte seed
var seed = forge.random.getBytesSync(32);
var keypair = ed25519.generateKeyPair({seed: seed});

// generate a random ED25519 keypair based on a "password" 32-byte seed
var password = 'Mai9ohgh6ahxee0jutheew0pungoozil';
var seed = new forge.util.ByteBuffer(password, 'utf8');
var keypair = ed25519.generateKeyPair({seed: seed});

// sign a UTF-8 message
var signature = ED25519.sign({
  message: 'test',
  // also accepts `binary` if you want to pass a binary string
  encoding: 'utf8',
  // node.js Buffer, Uint8Array, forge ByteBuffer, binary string
  privateKey: privateKey
});
// `signature` is a node.js Buffer or Uint8Array

// sign a message passed as a buffer
var signature = ED25519.sign({
  // also accepts a forge ByteBuffer or Uint8Array
  message: Buffer.from('test', 'utf8'),
  privateKey: privateKey
});

// sign a message digest (shorter "message" == better performance)
var md = forge.md.sha256.create();
md.update('test', 'utf8');
var signature = ED25519.sign({
  md: md,
  privateKey: privateKey
});

// verify a signature on a UTF-8 message
var verified = ED25519.verify({
  message: 'test',
  encoding: 'utf8',
  // node.js Buffer, Uint8Array, forge ByteBuffer, or binary string
  signature: signature,
  // node.js Buffer, Uint8Array, forge ByteBuffer, or binary string
  publicKey: publicKey
});
// `verified` is true/false

// sign a message passed as a buffer
var verified = ED25519.verify({
  // also accepts a forge ByteBuffer or Uint8Array
  message: Buffer.from('test', 'utf8'),
  // node.js Buffer, Uint8Array, forge ByteBuffer, or binary string
  signature: signature,
  // node.js Buffer, Uint8Array, forge ByteBuffer, or binary string
  publicKey: publicKey
});

// verify a signature on a message digest
var md = forge.md.sha256.create();
md.update('test', 'utf8');
var verified = ED25519.verify({
  md: md,
  // node.js Buffer, Uint8Array, forge ByteBuffer, or binary string
  signature: signature,
  // node.js Buffer, Uint8Array, forge ByteBuffer, or binary string
  publicKey: publicKey
});

var rsa = forge.pki.rsa;

// generate an RSA key pair synchronously
// *NOT RECOMMENDED*: Can be significantly slower than async and may block
// JavaScript execution. Will use native Node.js 10.12.0+ API if possible.
var keypair = rsa.generateKeyPair({bits: 2048, e: 0x10001});

// generate an RSA key pair asynchronously (uses web workers if available)
// use workers: -1 to run a fast core estimator to optimize # of workers
// *RECOMMENDED*: Can be significantly faster than sync. Will use native
// Node.js 10.12.0+ or WebCrypto API if possible.
rsa.generateKeyPair({bits: 2048, workers: 2}, function(err, keypair) {
  // keypair.privateKey, keypair.publicKey
});

// generate an RSA key pair in steps that attempt to run for a specified period
// of time on the main JS thread
var state = rsa.createKeyPairGenerationState(2048, 0x10001);
var step = function() {
  // run for 100 ms
  if(!rsa.stepKeyPairGenerationState(state, 100)) {
    setTimeout(step, 1);
  }
  else {
    // done, turn off progress indicator, use state.keys
  }
};
// turn on progress indicator, schedule generation to run
setTimeout(step);

// sign data with a private key and output DigestInfo DER-encoded bytes
// (defaults to RSASSA PKCS#1 v1.5)
var md = forge.md.sha1.create();
md.update('sign this', 'utf8');
var signature = privateKey.sign(md);

// verify data with a public key
// (defaults to RSASSA PKCS#1 v1.5)
var verified = publicKey.verify(md.digest().bytes(), signature);

// sign data using RSASSA-PSS where PSS uses a SHA-1 hash, a SHA-1 based
// masking function MGF1, and a 20 byte salt
var md = forge.md.sha1.create();
md.update('sign this', 'utf8');
var pss = forge.pss.create({
  md: forge.md.sha1.create(),
  mgf: forge.mgf.mgf1.create(forge.md.sha1.create()),
  saltLength: 20
  // optionally pass 'prng' with a custom PRNG implementation
  // optionalls pass 'salt' with a forge.util.ByteBuffer w/custom salt
});
var signature = privateKey.sign(md, pss);

// verify RSASSA-PSS signature
var pss = forge.pss.create({
  md: forge.md.sha1.create(),
  mgf: forge.mgf.mgf1.create(forge.md.sha1.create()),
  saltLength: 20
  // optionally pass 'prng' with a custom PRNG implementation
});
var md = forge.md.sha1.create();
md.update('sign this', 'utf8');
publicKey.verify(md.digest().getBytes(), signature, pss);

// encrypt data with a public key (defaults to RSAES PKCS#1 v1.5)
var encrypted = publicKey.encrypt(bytes);

// decrypt data with a private key (defaults to RSAES PKCS#1 v1.5)
var decrypted = privateKey.decrypt(encrypted);

// encrypt data with a public key using RSAES PKCS#1 v1.5
var encrypted = publicKey.encrypt(bytes, 'RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5');

// decrypt data with a private key using RSAES PKCS#1 v1.5
var decrypted = privateKey.decrypt(encrypted, 'RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5');

// encrypt data with a public key using RSAES-OAEP
var encrypted = publicKey.encrypt(bytes, 'RSA-OAEP');

// decrypt data with a private key using RSAES-OAEP
var decrypted = privateKey.decrypt(encrypted, 'RSA-OAEP');

// encrypt data with a public key using RSAES-OAEP/SHA-256
var encrypted = publicKey.encrypt(bytes, 'RSA-OAEP', {
  md: forge.md.sha256.create()
});

// decrypt data with a private key using RSAES-OAEP/SHA-256
var decrypted = privateKey.decrypt(encrypted, 'RSA-OAEP', {
  md: forge.md.sha256.create()
});

// encrypt data with a public key using RSAES-OAEP/SHA-256/MGF1-SHA-1
// compatible with Java's RSA/ECB/OAEPWithSHA-256AndMGF1Padding
var encrypted = publicKey.encrypt(bytes, 'RSA-OAEP', {
  md: forge.md.sha256.create(),
  mgf1: {
    md: forge.md.sha1.create()
  }
});

// decrypt data with a private key using RSAES-OAEP/SHA-256/MGF1-SHA-1
// compatible with Java's RSA/ECB/OAEPWithSHA-256AndMGF1Padding
var decrypted = privateKey.decrypt(encrypted, 'RSA-OAEP', {
  md: forge.md.sha256.create(),
  mgf1: {
    md: forge.md.sha1.create()
  }
});

// generate an RSA key pair asynchronously (uses web workers if available)
// use workers: -1 to run a fast core estimator to optimize # of workers
forge.rsa.generateKeyPair({bits: 2048, workers: -1}, function(err, keypair) {
  // keypair.privateKey, keypair.publicKey
});

// generate and encapsulate a 16-byte secret key
var kdf1 = new forge.kem.kdf1(forge.md.sha1.create());
var kem = forge.kem.rsa.create(kdf1);
var result = kem.encrypt(keypair.publicKey, 16);
// result has 'encapsulation' and 'key'

// encrypt some bytes
var iv = forge.random.getBytesSync(12);
var someBytes = 'hello world!';
var cipher = forge.cipher.createCipher('AES-GCM', result.key);
cipher.start({iv: iv});
cipher.update(forge.util.createBuffer(someBytes));
cipher.finish();
var encrypted = cipher.output.getBytes();
var tag = cipher.mode.tag.getBytes();

// send 'encrypted', 'iv', 'tag', and result.encapsulation to recipient

// decrypt encapsulated 16-byte secret key
var kdf1 = new forge.kem.kdf1(forge.md.sha1.create());
var kem = forge.kem.rsa.create(kdf1);
var key = kem.decrypt(keypair.privateKey, result.encapsulation, 16);

// decrypt some bytes
var decipher = forge.cipher.createDecipher('AES-GCM', key);
decipher.start({iv: iv, tag: tag});
decipher.update(forge.util.createBuffer(encrypted));
var pass = decipher.finish();
// pass is false if there was a failure (eg: authentication tag didn't match)
if(pass) {
  // outputs 'hello world!'
  console.log(decipher.output.getBytes());
}

var pki = forge.pki;

// convert a PEM-formatted public key to a Forge public key
var publicKey = pki.publicKeyFromPem(pem);

// convert a Forge public key to PEM-format
var pem = pki.publicKeyToPem(publicKey);

// convert an ASN.1 SubjectPublicKeyInfo to a Forge public key
var publicKey = pki.publicKeyFromAsn1(subjectPublicKeyInfo);

// convert a Forge public key to an ASN.1 SubjectPublicKeyInfo
var subjectPublicKeyInfo = pki.publicKeyToAsn1(publicKey);

// gets a SHA-1 RSAPublicKey fingerprint a byte buffer
pki.getPublicKeyFingerprint(key);

// gets a SHA-1 SubjectPublicKeyInfo fingerprint a byte buffer
pki.getPublicKeyFingerprint(key, {type: 'SubjectPublicKeyInfo'});

// gets a hex-encoded, colon-delimited SHA-1 RSAPublicKey public key fingerprint
pki.getPublicKeyFingerprint(key, {encoding: 'hex', delimiter: ':'});

// gets a hex-encoded, colon-delimited SHA-1 SubjectPublicKeyInfo public key fingerprint
pki.getPublicKeyFingerprint(key, {
  type: 'SubjectPublicKeyInfo',
  encoding: 'hex',
  delimiter: ':'
});

// gets a hex-encoded, colon-delimited MD5 RSAPublicKey public key fingerprint
pki.getPublicKeyFingerprint(key, {
  md: forge.md.md5.create(),
  encoding: 'hex',
  delimiter: ':'
});

// creates a CA store
var caStore = pki.createCaStore([/* PEM-encoded cert */, ...]);

// add a certificate to the CA store
caStore.addCertificate(certObjectOrPemString);

// gets the issuer (its certificate) for the given certificate
var issuerCert = caStore.getIssuer(subjectCert);

// verifies a certificate chain against a CA store
pki.verifyCertificateChain(caStore, chain, customVerifyCallback);

// signs a certificate using the given private key
cert.sign(privateKey);

// signs a certificate using SHA-256 instead of SHA-1
cert.sign(privateKey, forge.md.sha256.create());

// verifies an issued certificate using the certificates public key
var verified = issuer.verify(issued);

// generate a keypair and create an X.509v3 certificate
var keys = pki.rsa.generateKeyPair(2048);
var cert = pki.createCertificate();
cert.publicKey = keys.publicKey;
// alternatively set public key from a csr
//cert.publicKey = csr.publicKey;
// NOTE: serialNumber is the hex encoded value of an ASN.1 INTEGER.
// Conforming CAs should ensure serialNumber is:
// - no more than 20 octets
// - non-negative (prefix a '00' if your value starts with a '1' bit)
cert.serialNumber = '01';
cert.validity.notBefore = new Date();
cert.validity.notAfter = new Date();
cert.validity.notAfter.setFullYear(cert.validity.notBefore.getFullYear() + 1);
var attrs = [{
  name: 'commonName',
  value: 'example.org'
}, {
  name: 'countryName',
  value: 'US'
}, {
  shortName: 'ST',
  value: 'Virginia'
}, {
  name: 'localityName',
  value: 'Blacksburg'
}, {
  name: 'organizationName',
  value: 'Test'
}, {
  shortName: 'OU',
  value: 'Test'
}];
cert.setSubject(attrs);
// alternatively set subject from a csr
//cert.setSubject(csr.subject.attributes);
cert.setIssuer(attrs);
cert.setExtensions([{
  name: 'basicConstraints',
  cA: true
}, {
  name: 'keyUsage',
  keyCertSign: true,
  digitalSignature: true,
  nonRepudiation: true,
  keyEncipherment: true,
  dataEncipherment: true
}, {
  name: 'extKeyUsage',
  serverAuth: true,
  clientAuth: true,
  codeSigning: true,
  emailProtection: true,
  timeStamping: true
}, {
  name: 'nsCertType',
  client: true,
  server: true,
  email: true,
  objsign: true,
  sslCA: true,
  emailCA: true,
  objCA: true
}, {
  name: 'subjectAltName',
  altNames: [{
    type: 6, // URI
    value: 'http://example.org/webid#me'
  }, {
    type: 7, // IP
    ip: '127.0.0.1'
  }]
}, {
  name: 'subjectKeyIdentifier'
}]);
/* alternatively set extensions from a csr
var extensions = csr.getAttribute({name: 'extensionRequest'}).extensions;
// optionally add more extensions
extensions.push.apply(extensions, [{
  name: 'basicConstraints',
  cA: true
}, {
  name: 'keyUsage',
  keyCertSign: true,
  digitalSignature: true,
  nonRepudiation: true,
  keyEncipherment: true,
  dataEncipherment: true
}]);
cert.setExtensions(extensions);
*/
// self-sign certificate
cert.sign(keys.privateKey);

// convert a Forge certificate to PEM
var pem = pki.certificateToPem(cert);

// convert a Forge certificate from PEM
var cert = pki.certificateFromPem(pem);

// convert an ASN.1 X.509x3 object to a Forge certificate
var cert = pki.certificateFromAsn1(obj);

// convert a Forge certificate to an ASN.1 X.509v3 object
var asn1Cert = pki.certificateToAsn1(cert);

// generate a password-based 16-byte key
// note an optional message digest can be passed as the final parameter
var salt = forge.random.getBytesSync(128);
var derivedKey = forge.pkcs5.pbkdf2('password', salt, numIterations, 16);

// generate key asynchronously
// note an optional message digest can be passed before the callback
forge.pkcs5.pbkdf2('password', salt, numIterations, 16, function(err, derivedKey) {
  // do something w/derivedKey
});

// convert a message from PEM
var p7 = forge.pkcs7.messageFromPem(pem);
// look at p7.recipients

// find a recipient by the issuer of a certificate
var recipient = p7.findRecipient(cert);

// decrypt
p7.decrypt(p7.recipients[0], privateKey);

// create a p7 enveloped message
var p7 = forge.pkcs7.createEnvelopedData();

// add a recipient
var cert = forge.pki.certificateFromPem(certPem);
p7.addRecipient(cert);

// set content
p7.content = forge.util.createBuffer('Hello');

// encrypt
p7.encrypt();

// convert message to PEM
var pem = forge.pkcs7.messageToPem(p7);

// create a degenerate PKCS#7 certificate container
// (CRLs not currently supported, only certificates)
var p7 = forge.pkcs7.createSignedData();
p7.addCertificate(certOrCertPem1);
p7.addCertificate(certOrCertPem2);
var pem = forge.pkcs7.messageToPem(p7);

// create PKCS#7 signed data with authenticatedAttributes
// attributes include: PKCS#9 content-type, message-digest, and signing-time
var p7 = forge.pkcs7.createSignedData();
p7.content = forge.util.createBuffer('Some content to be signed.', 'utf8');
p7.addCertificate(certOrCertPem);
p7.addSigner({
  key: privateKeyAssociatedWithCert,
  certificate: certOrCertPem,
  digestAlgorithm: forge.pki.oids.sha256,
  authenticatedAttributes: [{
    type: forge.pki.oids.contentType,
    value: forge.pki.oids.data
  }, {
    type: forge.pki.oids.messageDigest
    // value will be auto-populated at signing time
  }, {
    type: forge.pki.oids.signingTime,
    // value can also be auto-populated at signing time
    value: new Date()
  }]
});
p7.sign();
var pem = forge.pkcs7.messageToPem(p7);

// PKCS#7 Sign in detached mode.
// Includes the signature and certificate without the signed data.
p7.sign({detached: true});

var pki = forge.pki;

// convert a PEM-formatted private key to a Forge private key
var privateKey = pki.privateKeyFromPem(pem);

// convert a Forge private key to PEM-format
var pem = pki.privateKeyToPem(privateKey);

// convert an ASN.1 PrivateKeyInfo or RSAPrivateKey to a Forge private key
var privateKey = pki.privateKeyFromAsn1(rsaPrivateKey);

// convert a Forge private key to an ASN.1 RSAPrivateKey
var rsaPrivateKey = pki.privateKeyToAsn1(privateKey);

// wrap an RSAPrivateKey ASN.1 object in a PKCS#8 ASN.1 PrivateKeyInfo
var privateKeyInfo = pki.wrapRsaPrivateKey(rsaPrivateKey);

// convert a PKCS#8 ASN.1 PrivateKeyInfo to PEM
var pem = pki.privateKeyInfoToPem(privateKeyInfo);

// encrypts a PrivateKeyInfo using a custom password and
// outputs an EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
var encryptedPrivateKeyInfo = pki.encryptPrivateKeyInfo(
  privateKeyInfo, 'myCustomPasswordHere', {
    algorithm: 'aes256', // 'aes128', 'aes192', 'aes256', '3des'
  });

// decrypts an ASN.1 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo that was encrypted
// with a custom password
var privateKeyInfo = pki.decryptPrivateKeyInfo(
  encryptedPrivateKeyInfo, 'myCustomPasswordHere');

// converts an EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo to PEM
var pem = pki.encryptedPrivateKeyToPem(encryptedPrivateKeyInfo);

// converts a PEM-encoded EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo to ASN.1 format
var encryptedPrivateKeyInfo = pki.encryptedPrivateKeyFromPem(pem);

// wraps and encrypts a Forge private key and outputs it in PEM format
var pem = pki.encryptRsaPrivateKey(privateKey, 'password');

// encrypts a Forge private key and outputs it in PEM format using OpenSSL's
// proprietary legacy format + encapsulated PEM headers (DEK-Info)
var pem = pki.encryptRsaPrivateKey(privateKey, 'password', {legacy: true});

// decrypts a PEM-formatted, encrypted private key
var privateKey = pki.decryptRsaPrivateKey(pem, 'password');

// sets an RSA public key from a private key
var publicKey = pki.setRsaPublicKey(privateKey.n, privateKey.e);

// generate a key pair
var keys = forge.pki.rsa.generateKeyPair(2048);

// create a certification request (CSR)
var csr = forge.pki.createCertificationRequest();
csr.publicKey = keys.publicKey;
csr.setSubject([{
  name: 'commonName',
  value: 'example.org'
}, {
  name: 'countryName',
  value: 'US'
}, {
  shortName: 'ST',
  value: 'Virginia'
}, {
  name: 'localityName',
  value: 'Blacksburg'
}, {
  name: 'organizationName',
  value: 'Test'
}, {
  shortName: 'OU',
  value: 'Test'
}]);
// set (optional) attributes
csr.setAttributes([{
  name: 'challengePassword',
  value: 'password'
}, {
  name: 'unstructuredName',
  value: 'My Company, Inc.'
}, {
  name: 'extensionRequest',
  extensions: [{
    name: 'subjectAltName',
    altNames: [{
      // 2 is DNS type
      type: 2,
      value: 'test.domain.com'
    }, {
      type: 2,
      value: 'other.domain.com',
    }, {
      type: 2,
      value: 'www.domain.net'
    }]
  }]
}]);

// sign certification request
csr.sign(keys.privateKey);

// verify certification request
var verified = csr.verify();

// convert certification request to PEM-format
var pem = forge.pki.certificationRequestToPem(csr);

// convert a Forge certification request from PEM-format
var csr = forge.pki.certificationRequestFromPem(pem);

// get an attribute
csr.getAttribute({name: 'challengePassword'});

// get extensions array
csr.getAttribute({name: 'extensionRequest'}).extensions;

// decode p12 from base64
var p12Der = forge.util.decode64(p12b64);
// get p12 as ASN.1 object
var p12Asn1 = forge.asn1.fromDer(p12Der);
// decrypt p12 using the password 'password'
var p12 = forge.pkcs12.pkcs12FromAsn1(p12Asn1, 'password');
// decrypt p12 using non-strict parsing mode (resolves some ASN.1 parse errors)
var p12 = forge.pkcs12.pkcs12FromAsn1(p12Asn1, false, 'password');
// decrypt p12 using literally no password (eg: Mac OS X/apple push)
var p12 = forge.pkcs12.pkcs12FromAsn1(p12Asn1);
// decrypt p12 using an "empty" password (eg: OpenSSL with no password input)
var p12 = forge.pkcs12.pkcs12FromAsn1(p12Asn1, '');
// p12.safeContents is an array of safe contents, each of
// which contains an array of safeBags

// get bags by friendlyName
var bags = p12.getBags({friendlyName: 'test'});
// bags are key'd by attribute type (here "friendlyName")
// and the key values are an array of matching objects
var cert = bags.friendlyName[0];

// get bags by localKeyId
var bags = p12.getBags({localKeyId: buffer});
// bags are key'd by attribute type (here "localKeyId")
// and the key values are an array of matching objects
var cert = bags.localKeyId[0];

// get bags by localKeyId (input in hex)
var bags = p12.getBags({localKeyIdHex: '7b59377ff142d0be4565e9ac3d396c01401cd879'});
// bags are key'd by attribute type (here "localKeyId", *not* "localKeyIdHex")
// and the key values are an array of matching objects
var cert = bags.localKeyId[0];

// get bags by type
var bags = p12.getBags({bagType: forge.pki.oids.certBag});
// bags are key'd by bagType and each bagType key's value
// is an array of matches (in this case, certificate objects)
var cert = bags[forge.pki.oids.certBag][0];

// get bags by friendlyName and filter on bag type
var bags = p12.getBags({
  friendlyName: 'test',
  bagType: forge.pki.oids.certBag
});

// get key bags
var bags = p12.getBags({bagType: forge.pki.oids.keyBag});
// get key
var bag = bags[forge.pki.oids.keyBag][0];
var key = bag.key;
// if the key is in a format unrecognized by forge then
// bag.key will be `null`, use bag.asn1 to get the ASN.1
// representation of the key
if(bag.key === null) {
  var keyAsn1 = bag.asn1;
  // can now convert back to DER/PEM/etc for export
}

// generate a p12 using AES (default)
var p12Asn1 = forge.pkcs12.toPkcs12Asn1(
  privateKey, certificateChain, 'password');

// generate a p12 that can be imported by Chrome/Firefox/iOS
// (requires the use of Triple DES instead of AES)
var p12Asn1 = forge.pkcs12.toPkcs12Asn1(
  privateKey, certificateChain, 'password',
  {algorithm: '3des'});

// base64-encode p12
var p12Der = forge.asn1.toDer(p12Asn1).getBytes();
var p12b64 = forge.util.encode64(p12Der);

// create download link for p12
var a = document.createElement('a');
a.download = 'example.p12';
a.setAttribute('href', 'data:application/x-pkcs12;base64,' + p12b64);
a.appendChild(document.createTextNode('Download'));

var asn1 = forge.asn1;

// create a SubjectPublicKeyInfo
var subjectPublicKeyInfo =
  asn1.create(asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL, asn1.Type.SEQUENCE, true, [
    // AlgorithmIdentifier
    asn1.create(asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL, asn1.Type.SEQUENCE, true, [
      // algorithm
      asn1.create(asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL, asn1.Type.OID, false,
        asn1.oidToDer(pki.oids['rsaEncryption']).getBytes()),
      // parameters (null)
      asn1.create(asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL, asn1.Type.NULL, false, '')
    ]),
    // subjectPublicKey
    asn1.create(asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL, asn1.Type.BITSTRING, false, [
      // RSAPublicKey
      asn1.create(asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL, asn1.Type.SEQUENCE, true, [
        // modulus (n)
        asn1.create(asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL, asn1.Type.INTEGER, false,
          _bnToBytes(key.n)),
        // publicExponent (e)
        asn1.create(asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL, asn1.Type.INTEGER, false,
          _bnToBytes(key.e))
      ])
    ])
  ]);

// serialize an ASN.1 object to DER format
var derBuffer = asn1.toDer(subjectPublicKeyInfo);

// deserialize to an ASN.1 object from a byte buffer filled with DER data
var object = asn1.fromDer(derBuffer);

// convert an OID dot-separated string to a byte buffer
var derOidBuffer = asn1.oidToDer('1.2.840.113549.1.1.5');

// convert a byte buffer with a DER-encoded OID to a dot-separated string
console.log(asn1.derToOid(derOidBuffer));
// output: 1.2.840.113549.1.1.5

// validates that an ASN.1 object matches a particular ASN.1 structure and
// captures data of interest from that structure for easy access
var publicKeyValidator = {
  name: 'SubjectPublicKeyInfo',
  tagClass: asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL,
  type: asn1.Type.SEQUENCE,
  constructed: true,
  captureAsn1: 'subjectPublicKeyInfo',
  value: [{
    name: 'SubjectPublicKeyInfo.AlgorithmIdentifier',
    tagClass: asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL,
    type: asn1.Type.SEQUENCE,
    constructed: true,
    value: [{
      name: 'AlgorithmIdentifier.algorithm',
      tagClass: asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL,
      type: asn1.Type.OID,
      constructed: false,
      capture: 'publicKeyOid'
    }]
  }, {
    // subjectPublicKey
    name: 'SubjectPublicKeyInfo.subjectPublicKey',
    tagClass: asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL,
    type: asn1.Type.BITSTRING,
    constructed: false,
    value: [{
      // RSAPublicKey
      name: 'SubjectPublicKeyInfo.subjectPublicKey.RSAPublicKey',
      tagClass: asn1.Class.UNIVERSAL,
      type: asn1.Type.SEQUENCE,
      constructed: true,
      optional: true,
      captureAsn1: 'rsaPublicKey'
    }]
  }]
};

var capture = {};
var errors = [];
if(!asn1.validate(
  publicKeyValidator, subjectPublicKeyInfo, validator, capture, errors)) {
  throw 'ASN.1 object is not a SubjectPublicKeyInfo.';
}
// capture.subjectPublicKeyInfo contains the full ASN.1 object
// capture.rsaPublicKey contains the full ASN.1 object for the RSA public key
// capture.publicKeyOid only contains the value for the OID
var oid = asn1.derToOid(capture.publicKeyOid);
if(oid !== pki.oids['rsaEncryption']) {
  throw 'Unsupported OID.';
}

// pretty print an ASN.1 object to a string for debugging purposes
asn1.prettyPrint(object);

var md = forge.md.sha1.create();
md.update('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog');
console.log(md.digest().toHex());
// output: 2fd4e1c67a2d28fced849ee1bb76e7391b93eb12

var md = forge.md.sha256.create();
md.update('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog');
console.log(md.digest().toHex());
// output: d7a8fbb307d7809469ca9abcb0082e4f8d5651e46d3cdb762d02d0bf37c9e592

var md = forge.md.sha384.create();
md.update('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog');
console.log(md.digest().toHex());
// output: ca737f1014a48f4c0b6dd43cb177b0afd9e5169367544c494011e3317dbf9a509cb1e5dc1e85a941bbee3d7f2afbc9b1

// SHA-512
var md = forge.md.sha512.create();
md.update('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog');
console.log(md.digest().toHex());
// output: 07e547d9586f6a73f73fbac0435ed76951218fb7d0c8d788a309d785436bbb642e93a252a954f23912547d1e8a3b5ed6e1bfd7097821233fa0538f3db854fee6

// SHA-512/224
var md = forge.md.sha512.sha224.create();
md.update('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog');
console.log(md.digest().toHex());
// output: 944cd2847fb54558d4775db0485a50003111c8e5daa63fe722c6aa37

// SHA-512/256
var md = forge.md.sha512.sha256.create();
md.update('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog');
console.log(md.digest().toHex());
// output: dd9d67b371519c339ed8dbd25af90e976a1eeefd4ad3d889005e532fc5bef04d

var md = forge.md.md5.create();
md.update('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog');
console.log(md.digest().toHex());
// output: 9e107d9d372bb6826bd81d3542a419d6

var hmac = forge.hmac.create();
hmac.start('sha1', 'Jefe');
hmac.update('what do ya want for nothing?');
console.log(hmac.digest().toHex());
// output: effcdf6ae5eb2fa2d27416d5f184df9c259a7c79

// generate a random prime on the main JS thread
var bits = 1024;
forge.prime.generateProbablePrime(bits, function(err, num) {
  console.log('random prime', num.toString(16));
});

// generate a random prime using Web Workers (if available, otherwise
// falls back to the main thread)
var bits = 1024;
var options = {
  algorithm: {
    name: 'PRIMEINC',
    workers: -1 // auto-optimize # of workers
  }
};
forge.prime.generateProbablePrime(bits, options, function(err, num) {
  console.log('random prime', num.toString(16));
});

// get some random bytes synchronously
var bytes = forge.random.getBytesSync(32);
console.log(forge.util.bytesToHex(bytes));

// get some random bytes asynchronously
forge.random.getBytes(32, function(err, bytes) {
  console.log(forge.util.bytesToHex(bytes));
});

// collect some entropy if you'd like
forge.random.collect(someRandomBytes);
jQuery().mousemove(function(e) {
  forge.random.collectInt(e.clientX, 16);
  forge.random.collectInt(e.clientY, 16);
});

// specify a seed file for use with the synchronous API if you'd like
forge.random.seedFileSync = function(needed) {
  // get 'needed' number of random bytes from somewhere
  return fetchedRandomBytes;
};

// specify a seed file for use with the asynchronous API if you'd like
forge.random.seedFile = function(needed, callback) {
  // get the 'needed' number of random bytes from somewhere
  callback(null, fetchedRandomBytes);
});

// register the main thread to send entropy or a Web Worker to receive
// entropy on demand from the main thread
forge.random.registerWorker(self);

// generate a new instance of a PRNG with no collected entropy
var myPrng = forge.random.createInstance();

// TODO

// encode/decode base64
var encoded = forge.util.encode64(str);
var str = forge.util.decode64(encoded);

// encode/decode UTF-8
var encoded = forge.util.encodeUtf8(str);
var str = forge.util.decodeUtf8(encoded);

// bytes to/from hex
var bytes = forge.util.hexToBytes(hex);
var hex = forge.util.bytesToHex(bytes);

// create an empty byte buffer
var buffer = forge.util.createBuffer();
// create a byte buffer from raw binary bytes
var buffer = forge.util.createBuffer(input, 'raw');
// create a byte buffer from utf8 bytes
var buffer = forge.util.createBuffer(input, 'utf8');

// get the length of the buffer in bytes
buffer.length();
// put bytes into the buffer
buffer.putBytes(bytes);
// put a 32-bit integer into the buffer
buffer.putInt32(10);
// buffer to hex
buffer.toHex();
// get a copy of the bytes in the buffer
bytes.bytes(/* count */);
// empty this buffer and get its contents
bytes.getBytes(/* count */);

// convert a forge buffer into a Node.js Buffer
// make sure you specify the encoding as 'binary'
var forgeBuffer = forge.util.createBuffer();
var nodeBuffer = Buffer.from(forgeBuffer.getBytes(), 'binary');

// convert a Node.js Buffer into a forge buffer
// make sure you specify the encoding as 'binary'
var nodeBuffer = Buffer.from('CAFE', 'hex');
var forgeBuffer = forge.util.createBuffer(nodeBuffer.toString('binary'));

// TODO