Investment: How and Where to Invest

What Is an Investment?

An investment is an asset or item acquired to generate income or gain appreciation. Appreciation is the increase in the value of an asset over time. It requires the outlay of a resource today, like time, effort, and money for a greater payoff in the future, generating a profit.

Where to Invest

• Stocks or Equities: A share of stock is a piece of ownership of a public or private company. The investor may be entitled to dividend distributions generated from the company's net profit. The stock's value can also grow and sell for capital gains. The two primary types of stocks to invest in are common and preferred.
• Bonds or Fixed-Income Securities: An investment that often demands an upfront investment, and pays recurring interest over time, called a coupon payment. At maturity, the investor receives the capital invested into the bond. Like debt, bond investments are a mechanism for governments and companies to raise money.
• Index Funds or Mutual Funds: Index and mutual funds aggregate specific investments to craft one investment vehicle. An investor can buy shares of a single mutual fund that owns shares of multiple companies. Mutual funds are actively managed while index funds are often passively managed. This means that the investment professionals overseeing the mutual fund are trying to beat a specific benchmark, while index funds attempt to imitate a benchmark.
• Real Estate: Real estate investments are investments in physical, tangible spaces that can be utilized. Land can be built on, office buildings can be occupied, warehouses can store inventory, and residential properties can house families. Real estate investments may encompass acquiring sites, developing sites for specific uses, or purchasing ready-to-occupy operating sites.
• Commodities: Raw materials such as agriculture, energy, or metals are commodities. Investors can invest in tangible commodities, like owning a bar of gold, or choose alternative investment products that represent digital ownership such as a gold ETF. Oil and gas are considered commodities.
• Cryptocurrency: A blockchain-based currency used to transact or hold digital value. Cryptocurrency companies can issue coins or tokens that may increase in value. These tokens can be used to transact with. Cryptocurrency can be staked on a blockchain where investors agree to lock their tokens on a network to help validate transactions. These investors are rewarded with additional tokens.
• Collectibles: Collecting or purchasing collectibles involves acquiring rare items in anticipation of those items increasing in value and demand. From sports memorabilia to comic books, these physical items often require substantial physical preservation, considering that older items usually carry higher value.
  

How to Invest

• Research. Investors need to understand the vehicles they are putting their money into. Whether it is a single share of a well-established company or a risky alternative investment endeavor, investors should do their homework.
• Establish a personal spending plan. Before investing, individuals should ensure they have enough capital to pay monthly expenses and have already built up an emergency fund.
• Understand liquidity restrictions. Some investments are less liquid than others and may be more difficult to sell. An investment, like a Certificate of Deposit (CD), may be locked for a certain period and cannot be easily liquidated.
• Tax implications. Investors should understand the cost of short-term and long-term capital gains tax rates.
• Determine Risk. Investing incurs risk. Investors may end up with less money than what they started with. Investors uncomfortable with this idea can (1) reduce their investment to only what they are comfortable losing or (2) explore ways to mitigate risk through diversification.
• Consult an adviser. Many financial professionals provide guidance and help investors access financial instruments, accounts, and online platforms.

Calculating Return on Investment (ROI)

The primary way to gauge the success of an investment is to calculate the return on investment (ROI). ROI is measured as:

ROI = (Current Value of Investment - Original Value of Investment) / Original Value of Investment

ROI allows different investments across different industries to be compared. For example, consider two investments: a $1,000 investment in stock that increased to $1,100 over the past year, or a $150,000 investment in real estate now worth $160,000.

Stock ROI = ($1,100 - $1,000) / $1,000 = $100 / $1,000 = 10%

Real Estate ROI = ($160,000 - $150,000) / $150,000 = $10,000 / $150,000 = 6.67%

Though the real estate investment has increased by $10,000, many would claim that the stock investment has outperformed the real estate investment because every dollar invested in the stock gained more than that invested in real estate.

Investments and Risk

Investment return and risk commonly have a positive correlation. If an investment carries high risk, it should be accompanied by higher returns. When making investment decisions, investors must gauge their risk appetite. Some may be willing to risk the loss of principle in exchange for the chance at greater profits. Alternatively, extremely risk-averse investors seek only the safest vehicles. Individuals closer to retirement commonly choose safe investments.

Because investing is oriented toward future growth or income, there is always a certain level of risk. An investment may lose value over time. A company may go bankrupt or interest rate fluctuations may affect bonds or real estate investments. Investors can reduce portfolio risk with a broad range of investments. By holding different products or securities, an investor may not lose as much money as they are not fully exposed in any one way.

The Bottom Line

An investment is a plan to put money to work today to obtain a greater amount of money in the future. It is also the primary way people save for major purchases or retirement. With stocks, bonds, real estate, or commodities, individuals can create a diversified portfolio.