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Corundum

Ruby
Mozambique
3.59 carats
© Palagems

The name "corundum" is derived from the Tamil word "kuruntam" meaning "ruby".

Corundum is called Ruby if red and Padparadscha if pink-orange. All other colours are called Sapphire.

High-quality ruby and sapphire have always been among the most expensive gems and are used in the most prestigious adornments.

399 photos

Corundum Gemstones by Colour

This table shows the variety of hues this gemstone can be found in. Click on a photo for more information.

Corundum Gemstones by Size

This table shows distribution of Corundum gemstone sizes that are listed on this site. This can give a good indication as to the general availability of this gemstone in different sizes.

Contributed photos

Lightest:0.09 cts

Heaviest:563.35 cts

Average:5.63 cts

Total photos:394

Do you have a larger Corundum? Why not upload a photo?

Significant stones

Eminent Star6,465 cts

Ecce Homo Star Ruby2,890 cts

Black Star of Queensland, Star Sapphire733 cts

0.09ct to 56.42ct56.42ct to 112.74ct112.74ct to 169.07ct169.07ct to 225.39ct225.39ct to 281.72ct281.72ct to 338.05ct338.05ct to 394.37ct394.37ct to 450.70ct450.70ct to 507.02ct507.02ct to 563.35ct

General Information

Varieties/Types:

Ruby - A red gem variety of corundum

Flux-Grown Ruby - A synthetic ruby grown from alumina dissolved in a molten flux.

Geneva Ruby - Earliest synthetic rubies (circa 1885) created in Geneva.

Star Ruby - A chatoyant ruby showing asterism.

Verneuil Ruby - A synthetic ruby created using the flame fusion process.

Sapphire

"Kashmir" Sapphire

Padparadscha - A salmon-pink coloured Sapphire.

Star Sapphire - A chatoyant sapphire showing asterism.

Chemical Formula

Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)

Significant stones

Name	Weight	Country of Origin	Current Owner
Eminent Star	6,465.00 cts	India
Ecce Homo Star Ruby	2,890.00 cts	Mozambique
Black Star of Queensland, Star Sapphire	733.00 cts	Australia	Smithsonian Institute
Star of India	563.35 cts	Sri Lanka
Star of India	563.35 cts	Sri Lanka
Logan sapphire	422.99 cts	Sri Lanka
Star of Asia	330.00 cts	Myanmar
Pride of Queensland	169.00 cts	Australia

Click here to view all significant Corundum gemstones

Corundum Treatments

A significant percentage of the corundum gemstones are enhanced. Artificial healing of cracks and cavities and high-temperature thermal processing are used to increase the transparency and to improve the colour (Nassau, 1981). Near surface cracks are healed with wax or with silicate glass, during which the processable stone is immersed into a silicate melt or heated in conjuction with a powder-like filling material such as, borax or glass. At high-temperatures the filling material melts and enters into cracks and cavities (Themelis, 1986).

Physical Properties of Corundum

Mohs Hardness

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Specific Gravity

3.90 to 4.05

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Cleavage Quality

None

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems (2003)

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Fracture

Uneven,Conchoidal

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems (2003)

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Optical Properties of Corundum

Refractive Index

1.758 to 1.780

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Optical Character

Uniaxial/-

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Birefringence

0.007 to 0.010

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Pleochroism

Dichroism: blue - violet-blue and greenish-blue; green - yellowish-green; yellow - pale yellow; purple - violet; orange, yellowish-red - deep crimson.

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems (2003)

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Dispersion

0.018

Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)

Colour

Colour (General)

All colours

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Causes of Colour

Purple, Fe²⁺-O-Ti⁴⁺ charge transfer coexisting with Cr³⁺ in octahedral coordination. Blue, Fe²⁺-O-Ti⁴⁺ charge transfer with influence of Fe²⁺→Fe³⁺ charge transfer. Green, Fe³⁺ in octahedral coordination coexisting with Fe²⁺→Ti⁴⁺ charge transfer, Ti³⁺ and Cr³⁺ in octahedral coordination. Yellow, O^2-→Fe³⁺ charge transfer; Fe³⁺ and Ti³⁺, a variety of unstable color centers of unknown structure; Fe³⁺ pairs. Orange to orange-brown Cr³⁺ in octahedral coordination and color centers; with a contribution of Fe³⁺. Orangy pink ("padparadscha"), Cr³⁺ in octahedral coordination and color centers, Cr⁴⁺ in octahedral coordination due to Cr⁴⁺ and Mg²⁺ substituting for Al³⁺ in the crystal structure. Red (ruby), Cr³⁺ in octahedral coordination with minor contributions of V³⁺ and Fe³⁺ in octahedral coordination. Pink, Cr³⁺ in octahedral coordination. Color-change, Cr³⁺ and/or V³⁺ in octahedral coordination in a particular range of concentration

W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011)

Transparency

Transparent,Translucent,Opaque

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Lustre

Adamantine,Vitreous

Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)

Crystallography of Corundum

Crystal System

Trigonal

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Habit

Tabular, barrel-shaped

Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)

Geological Environment

Where found:

Found in granular limestone, gneiss, mica or chlorite schists.

Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)

Spectrographic Data

Calculated Spectra:

Click spectra for more information

Ruby - Locality: Hunza, Pakistan

Ruby - Locality: Winza, Tanzania

Sapphire - Locality: Unknown

Sapphire - Locality: Afghanistan

Sapphire - Locality: Kenya

Sapphire - Locality: Mozambique

Sapphire - Locality: Tunduru, Tanzania

Sapphire - Locality: Unknown (possibly Australia)

Sapphire - Locality: Unknown

Verneuil Ruby - Locality: Synthetic

Inclusions in Corundum

Inclusions: rutile, zircon, apatite, calcite, spinel, etc., healing cracks, liquid and two-phase inclusions, negative crystals, hollow tubes (boehmite tubes), twinning lamellaes - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 26

Rutile inclusions
Inclusions:	Rutile

Inclusions such as these rutile needles in ruby are often strikingly beautiful. Gemoloigsts study inclusions for clues about the origin and nature of gems.

Field of view 3mm

Further Information

Mineral information:

Corundum information at mindat.org

Significant Gem Localities





Afghanistan
Kabul Surobi District Jegdalek ruby deposit
Mirkalwat Mine	[var: Ruby] Bowersox et al. (2000)
Warmankai Mine	[var: Ruby] Bowersox et al. (2000)

Asia
Pamir Mountains	[var: Ruby] Smith (1998)

Australia
New South Wales Arrawatta Co. Sapphire Horse Gully alluvials	[var: Sapphire]
Gloucester Co. Barrington Tops Gloucester Ruby mine	[var: Ruby] McClure and Smith (2001)
Gough Co. Glen Innes	[var: Sapphire]
Inverell	[var: Sapphire] Pecover, 1987
Murchison Co. Bingara Eaglehawk Creek	[var: Sapphire] McClure and Smith (2001)
Selwyn Co. Tumbarumba Bald Hill Alluvials	[var: Ruby] McClure and Smith (2001)
Queensland	[var: Sapphire] gemexplorer.org
Central Highlands Region Anakie	[var: Sapphire] Sutherland and Abduriyim (2009)
Rubyvale Fossicking area	[var: Sapphire] Sutherland and Abduriyim (2009)
Sapphire Fossicking area	[var: Sapphire] Sutherland and Abduriyim (2009)

Cambodia
Battambang Province Samlot field
Pailin Province Pailin District	[var: Ruby] Hughes (1997)
Bo Pie Rin Mine (Hills of Precious Stones Mine)	[var: Ruby] mindat.org
Phnom Ko Ngoap	[var: Ruby] Hughes (1997)
Phnum O Tang	[var: Ruby] Hughes (1997)
Ratanakiri Province Ba Kev (Bo Kheo; Bo Kham; Bokeo; Phumi Ba Key; Andaung Pich; Andaung Pech)	[var: Sapphire] Ngu and Ngoc (1986), Sutherland et al. (1998)

Canada
Nunavut Qikiqtaaluk Region Baffin Island Kimmirut (Lake Harbour) Beluga sapphire property	[var: Sapphire] Wilson (2007)
Ontario Bancroft area
Hastings County Town of Bancroft Dungannon Township	[var: Sapphire]
Peterborough County Havelock-Belmont-Methuen Township

China
Fujian Sanming Mingxi County	[var: Sapphire]
Gaiyang Sapphire deposit	[var: Sapphire] Li (2009)
Hainan	[var: Sapphire]
Ding'an Co. Penglai Penglai Gem deposit
Jiangsu Nanjing Luhe District	[var: Sapphire]
Lianshan Mine	[var: Sapphire] Galibert and Hughes (1995), Li (2009)
Shandong Weifang Changle County Wutu Sapphire deposit	[var: Sapphire] Guo et al. (1992)
Yunnan Yuxi Yuanjiang County Yuanjiang ruby mine	[var: Ruby] Galibert and Hughes (1995)

Colombia
Cauca Department Mercaderes Río Mayo	[var: Ruby] Johnson et al. (2000)

Czech Republic
Liberec Region Jablonec nad Nisou District Kořenov Jizerka Jizerská louka	[var: Sapphire]

Greenland
Sermersooq Nuuk Qeqertarsuatsiaat area	[var: Ruby] Gemexplorer.org
Aappaluttoq Ruby Occurrences Aappaluttoq Ruby Mine	[var: Ruby]

India
Jammu and Kashmir Kishtwar district Pádar Kashmir sapphire mines	[var: Sapphire] Gemexplorer.org
Karnataka Dakshina Kannada District Subramanya (Subrahmanya; Subramanium)	[var: Ruby] Mihelou (2006)
Mysore District	[var: Ruby] Mihelou (2006)
Odisha Karur	[var: Sapphire] McClure et al. (2005)

Kenya
Kitui County	[var: Sapphire] Simonet et al. (2004)
Taita-Taveta County Mangari	[var: Ruby] Mercier A., Debat P. & Saul J.M. (1999): Exotic origin of the ruby deposits of the Mangari area in SE Kenya. Ore Geology Reviews, 14, 83-104.
Voi	[var: Ruby]
Tsavo West John Saul mine (Rockland mine)	[var: Ruby] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Penny Lane mine	[var: Ruby]
Taita Hills	[var: Ruby] Barot et al. (1995)

Kyrgyzstan
Naryn Region Dolon paleovalley	[var: Sapphire]

Laos
Bokeo Province Houayxay District Ban Huay Xai sapphire mines (Ban Huai Sai; Ban Houei Sai)	[var: Sapphire] Sutherland et al. (2002)

Madagascar
Alaotra-Mangoro Ambatondrazaka District Didy Didy ruby deposit	[var: Ruby] Hanni (2001)
Analanjirofo Fenoarivo Atsinanana Saranambana Andilamena ruby deposit	[var: Ruby] Leuenberger (2001)
Moramanga mines	[var: Ruby] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Anosy Amboasary Sud District Maromby Andranondambo phlogopite deposit	[var: Sapphire] Milisenda et al. (2001)
Andranondambo sapphire deposits	[var: Sapphire] Milisenda et al. (2001)
Betroka District Ianabinda Iankaroka corundum occurrence	[var: Sapphire] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Isoanala Ambatomena ruby deposit	[var: Ruby] Rakotosamizanany et al. (2009)
Atsimo-Andrefana Ampanihy District Ejeda Ejeda-Fotadrevo corundum deposits	[var: Ruby] Rakotosamizanany et al. (2009)
Gogogogo Gogogogo	Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871
Vohitany Vohitany corundum deposits	[var: Ruby] Rakotosamizanany et al. (2009)
Betioky District	[var: Sapphire] Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 90
Atsimo-Atsinanana Midongy Atsimo Marosely sapphire deposit	[var: Sapphire] Milisenda et al. (2001)
Atsinanana Vatomandry District Vatomandry Commune Vatomandry ruby deposit	[var: Ruby] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Diana Antsiranana II District Ambondromifehy sapphire deposit	[var: Sapphire] Gonthier (1997)
Ihorombe Ihosy District Ilakaka Ilakaka gem deposit	[var: Sapphire] Milisenda et al. (2001)
Sahambano Manivala (Sahambano corundum deposit)	[var: Sapphire] Milisenda et al. (2001)
Zazafotsy Zazafotsy Quarry (Amboarohy)	[var: Sapphire] Milisenda et al. (2001)
Vakinankaratra Antsirabe II District Ambohitsimanova Soamiakatra	[var: Ruby] Rakotosamizanany et al. (2009)
Anjomakely	[var: Sapphire] Rakotosamizanany et al. (2009)

Malawi
Central Region Ntcheu Chimwadzulu Hill	[var: Ruby] Emmett (2000)

Mozambique
Cabo Delgado Province Montepuez District	[var: Ruby] Gemexplorer.org
Niassa Province	[var: Ruby] Gemexplorer.org
Tete Province Changara District	[var: Ruby] Pardieu et al. (2009)

Myanmar
Kachin State Mohnyin District Hpakant Township (Hpakan; Phakant; Phakan) Namyazeik (Namya; Nanyazeik)	[var: Ruby] Smith and Bosshart (2001)
Mandalay Region Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township	[Sapphire var: Star Sapphire]
Bernardmyo Ah-chauk-taw	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Htan-saing	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Htin-shu-myaing	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Htin-shu-taung	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
In-jauk (In-chauk)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Lay-bauk (Taung-me)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Lay-tha Taung Lay-tha-anee-taw	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Lay-tha-apya-taw	[var: Sapphire] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Le-taw	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Panlin	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Chaung-gyi Chaung-gyi-ah-le-ywa	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Gurkha-konzan	[var: Sapphire] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyauk-wa	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Lisu-konzan	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Mana-Lisu	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Shan-konzan	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Wa-hkan-sho (Ho-mine-sho)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kathé (Kathe) Kyauk-pauk-kyatpyin	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Lu-hta-pyant	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Tagaung-nann-daing	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Wun-be-inn	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kin (Guard Post) Kin-ko-lan-bauk	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kin-kyauk-leik	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kin-shu-taw	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyatpyin Central Baw-lon-gyi (Big Ball) Baw-lon-gyi east	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Baw-lon-gyi west (Bon-lon west)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Baw-lon-lay (Small Ball)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Gyoung-U-bar	[var: Sapphire] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Inn-gaung-pyant	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pan-ma (Flower)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pingu-taung-pyant	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pingu-taung east	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pingu-taung west	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pos-kon	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ye-U-gyi (Big Water Well)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ye-U-lay (Small Water Well)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyatpyin North Bawmar (Baw Mar mine)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyauk-sin (Rock Elephant)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pan-taw (Pandaw)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyauk-Pyat-That Ah-sein-taw	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ah-tet-inbyae (Open Pit)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Auk-inbyae (Lower Open-Pit)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Gwebin (Gwe Tree)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Khabine)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyauk-pyat-that-atay-pyant	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Man-taw-bin	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pazun-seik (Pazon-Seit)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Sakangyi	[var: Ruby] Kane and Kammerling (1992)
Sate-inn-loo	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Sinkwa	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Thit-seint-kone	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Thurein-taung	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Myan Gyi mine (Myaing-Gyi mine)	[var: Ruby]
Tha-gyi-loo	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Wet-loo (Wetloo)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Yadanar-kaday-kadar Loke-khet-inn (Worksite No. 1)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Lone-sho (Worksite No. 2)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Marble Ark Bawpadan	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Chin-thae Taung (Chin-theit Taung)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Dan-dagu-taung	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kadoke-tat (Kadote-dat)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kolan	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyauk-poke (Rotten Stone)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Nyaung-bin-sho	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyauk-sar-taung	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyauk-saung-Kyatpyin	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyauk-saung	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Kyi-taung (Clear Mountain)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Myeme (Black Earth)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Mayne-taung (Red Ground Hill)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pyar-swel-sho (Beehive Gully)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ohn-bin-Kyatpyin	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pyaung-pyin-ahnout (Pyaung-pein west)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pyaung-pyin Sin-thé-byant	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Sin-thé-gyant	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Than-tayar (Hundred Billions)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Thé-dut-sho-Kyatpyin (Night-bird)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Win-hta-yan (Fence)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Yankin-taung (Safe Hill)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Mogok Valley Dattaw-taung (Dattaw hill) Dattaw-mid Laung-pyit mine	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Nay-pyi-daw mine	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Dattaw-pyant & Dattaw-chaung	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Dattaw-upper	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ha-pha-lar-sho	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ho-mine-sho	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Lay-bin-sin	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Le-U-le-taw	Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Le-U-thet-kachan	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Lin-yaung-chi (Bright Light Rays)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Mintada (King's Bridge)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Myaw-pyet	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Nga-yant-inn (old Pan-sho; Padan-sho)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ohn-bin-ywe-htwet (Coconut Tree mine)	Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ohngaing Mine No. 666	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Shon-ban-gyi	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Shon-ban-lay	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Shon-daw-myaing	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Shwe-daing	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Shwe-pyi-aye	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ye-bauk-thar-yar (Ye-bauk-thayar)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Yebu-kalar-gon	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Yebu-thapanbin-kyar (Thabapin)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Yebu (Hot Water)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
On-dan Hanamataw-lay (Royal Small Sister)	[var: Sapphire] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) Htan-yan-sho	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Mansin/Thet-kachan (Man Sin; Mansi; Mance/Thet-kachan)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pein-pyit-le-taw	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Gyi)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
SSNPLO mines	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Thabeikkyin Township (Tha Pate Kyin Township) Thabeikkyin (Thabeitkyin)	[var: Ruby] Garnier et al. (2006)
Yamethin District Yamethin Township	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Sagaing Region Katha District Wuntho Township Kyaukpazat (Choukpazat)	[var: Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Shan State Kengtung District Möng Hkak	[var: Sapphire] Hlaing (2008)
Loilen District Mong Hsu Township (Möng Hsu; Monghsu; Mong Hsu; Maing Hsu)	[var: Ruby] Yui et al. (2008)

Nepal	[var: Ruby]

P3 Bagmati Pradesh Dhading District Ruby Valley Chumar ruby digs	[var: Ruby] Smith et al. (1997)
Ruyil ruby digs	[var: Ruby] Smith et al. (1997)
Rasuwa District Parbati Kunda Somdang Zn-Pb mine	[var: Ruby] Smith et al. (1997)

Nigeria
Kaduna Jos	[var: Sapphire]

Pakistan
Azad Jammu and Kashmir Neelum District Nangimali ruby deposit	[var: Ruby]
Gilgit-Baltistan Hunza District Upper Hunza Valley	[var: Ruby] Gemexplorer.org
Nagar District Ahmadabad	[var: Ruby]
Aliabad Aliabad marbles	[var: Ruby]
Jatorkhan	[var: Ruby]

Russia
Chelyabinsk Oblast Ilmen Nature Reserve
Plastovsky District Plast Kochkar' District Chuksin ruby placer deposit
Kuchin ruby placer deposit	[var: Ruby]
Murmansk Oblast Khibiny Massif
Kola Peninsula
Primorsky Krai Krasnoarmeysky District Roshchino Kedrovaya river Nezametnoe deposit (Nezametny gold mine)
Republic of Karelia Loukhsky District Khit Ostrov (Khit Island)
Sverdlovsk Oblast Rezhevsky District Polozhikha River placer deposit	E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 62
Verbanny Log
Shilovka River Kornilov Log
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Priuralsky District Makar-Ruz	[var: Ruby]
Rai-Iz Ophiolite Massif	[var: Ruby] Grygoriev et al. (2000)

Sri Lanka
North Central Province Elahera District	[var: Ruby] E.G. Zoysa (1999)
Polonnaruwa District Pollonnaruwa	[var: Ruby] E.G. Zoysa (1999)
Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Balangoda	[var: Ruby] E.G. Zoysa (1999)
Pelmadulla	[var: Ruby] Milisenda and Henn (1999)
Ratnapura	No reference listed
Ehiliyagoda (Ehaliyagoda; Ehelliyagoda)	[var: Ruby] E.G. Zoysa (1999)
Gem gravels	Econ Geol (1981) 76:733-738
Uva Province Badulla District Badulla Passara Gem Mine	[var: Sapphire] Dissanayake et al. (2000)
Monaragala District Kataragama (Katharagama; Katirkamam)	[var: Sapphire] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Okkampitiya	[var: Sapphire] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Thammannawa corundum deposit	[var: Sapphire] Gems and Gemology, Summer 2012
Wellawaya Galbokka	[var: Sapphire] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Western Province Colombo District Avissawella	[var: Sapphire] E.G. Zoysa (1999)

Switzerland
Ticino Leventina Piumogna Valley Campolungo	[var: Ruby] Gemexplorer.org

Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Kukurt river	[var: Ruby]
Pegmatite localities	[var: Ruby]
Murghob	[var: Ruby] Gemexplorer.org
Nizhny
Rangkul Snezhnoe deposit	[var: Ruby]
Trika
Turakulominsky ruby deposit	[var: Ruby] E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 50
Pyandzh River Valley Kukh-i-Lal (Kukhilal; Kuhi-lal)	[var: Ruby]
Shughnon Shakhdara Range Lyangar corundum occurrence

Tanzania
Arusha Region Lake Manyara Magara mine	[var: Ruby] Dirlam et al. (1992)
Longido District Mundarara Mine	[var: Ruby] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Muriatata hills Ruby occurrence	[var: Ruby] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Dodoma Region Mpwapwa District Winza	[var: Ruby] Hanni (2008)
Manyara Region Manghola	[var: Sapphire] http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/tanzania-mines.htm
Morogoro Region Gairo District	[var: Ruby] Keller (1992)
Mahenge Chipa	[var: Ruby] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Lukanda (Lukande)	[var: Ruby] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Mayote	[var: Ruby] Dirlam et al. (1992)
Ruvuma Region Mbinga District Amanimakoro	[var: Sapphire] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Songea Urban District Songea	[var: Ruby] Pardieu and Senoble (2005)
Tunduru District Tunduru	[var: Ruby] gemexplorer.org
Tanga Region Korogwe Rural District Umba River (Umba Valley)	[var: Ruby] Dirlam et al. (1992)
Gerevi Hills	[var: Sapphire] Michelou (2006)

Thailand
Chanthaburi Province	[var: Ruby]
Bang Kha Cha area (Bang Kacha; Bangka Cha)	[var: Sapphire] Hughes (1997)
Khao Phloi Waen
Kanchanaburi Province	[var: Sapphire]
Bo Phloi District Bo Phloi	[var: Sapphire]
Gem mines	[var: Sapphire] Schlussel (1991)
Trat Province	[var: Ruby] E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 44
Bo Rai District Bo Rai	[var: Ruby] E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 66
Bo Waen	[var: Ruby]
Nong Bon Mines	[var: Ruby]

UK
Scotland Outer Hebrides Isle of Lewis and Harris Lewis Loch Roag	[var: Sapphire] E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 48

USA
Georgia Rabun County Pine Mountain Laurel Creek Mine	[var: Ruby]
Montana Deer Lodge County	[var: Sapphire] Mychaluk (2001)
Orofino Mining District Dry Cottonwood Creek Dry Cottonwood placer	[var: Sapphire] Mychaluk (2001)
Granite County Rock Creek Mining District Rock Creek Sapphire (American Sapphire Gem Mine; Gem Mountain Mine; Anaconda-Sapphire Gulches; Chaussee Sapphire Corp. Mine; American Gem Corp.)	[var: Ruby] Emmett and Douthit (1993)
Judith Basin County	[var: Ruby] Allen (1991)
Little Belt Mountains Yogo District Yogo Gulch	[var: Sapphire] Garnier et al. (2004)
Lewis and Clark County East Helena Eldorado Bar Eldorado Bar deposit (Eldorado Strip Mine)	E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 70
Helena Mining District (Spring Hill Mining District) Helena area Missouri River gravel bar	[var: Sapphire] White (2010)
Missouri River placers
Spokane Bar (American Gem Corp.; Spokane Bar Sapphire Mine)	[var: Sapphire] White (2010)
North Carolina Clay County Buck Creek	[var: Ruby]
Macon County Cowee Valley Ellijay Mining District Franklin Corundum Hill Mine	[var: Ruby]

Vietnam
Bình Thuận Province Phan Thiết	[var: Sapphire] Nguyen et al. (2007)
Đồng Nai Province Xuan Loc (Huan Loc basalt lava field)	[var: Sapphire]
Lâm Đồng Province Di Linh District	[var: Sapphire] Nguyen et al. (2007)
Nghệ An Province Quỳ Châu District	[var: Ruby] Kammerling et al. (1994)
Yên Bái Province	[var: Ruby]
Lục Yên District	[var: Ruby] Kammerling et al. (1994)
An Phú	[var: Ruby]
Luc Yen Mine	[var: Ruby] Kammerling et al. (1994)

Zimbabwe
Midlands Gweru District Somabula	[var: Sapphire] L.F. Marsh and F. Mugumbate (2009)
Somabula Forest alluvial deposit	[var: Ruby] L.F. Marsh and F. Mugumbate (2009)

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