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Aquaculture, the cultivation and harvesting of aquatic species in controlled aquatic environments, is the world’s fastest growing food production sector. It currently accounts for almost half of the global seafood supply and is expected to grow further to bridge the increasing gap between the demand for seafood and the limited supply from capture fisheries. Whilst the aquaculture industry must expand and increase its production to ensure future global food security, it is imperative that this is achieved without compromising the environment. This collection brings together some of our recent work on the challenges faced by the aquaculture industry and the strategies being developed to mitigate these and meet productivity and sustainability goals.