Peter Sinks
Peter Sinks is a natural sinkhole in northern Utah that is one of the coldest places in the contiguous United States.
Peter Sinks is located 8,100 feet (2,500 m) above sea level, in the Bear River Mountains east of Logan, within the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. Due to temperature inversions that trap cold nighttime air, it routinely produces the lowest temperatures in the contiguous United States. Even in the summer, the bottom of the sinkhole rarely goes four consecutive days without freezing. It is so cold near the bottom of the hole that trees are unable to grow.
On 1 February 1985, a temperature of −69.3 °F (−56.3 °C) was recorded there, the lowest recorded temperature in Utah, and the second-lowest temperature ever recorded in the contiguous United States.[1]
Peter Sinks' meteorological significance was discovered by Utah State University student Zane Stephens in 1983.[2] Stephens, along with the Utah Climate Center, placed measuring instruments in the valley in the winter of 1984. On February 1, 1985, Peter Sinks dropped to −69.3 °F (−56.3 °C), while another nearby valley, Middle Sink, located 3 miles (4.8 km) to the north-east, dropped to −64 °F (−53 °C). Stephens hiked into Middle Sink along with Burns Israelsen to record the temperature personally. He then flew into Peter Sinks in a KUTV television station helicopter with broadcasting meteorologist Mark Eubank. State climatologist Gayle Bingham also traveled to the area and confirmed the temperature. The alcohol thermometer being used was retrieved and sent to the Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C. to confirm the temperature.
Since 1985, Peter Sinks and Middle Sink have been studied extensively by Stephens and Tim Wright with the use of Campbell Scientific weather equipment. On January 29, 2002, the temperature dropped to −62 °F (−52 °C) at Middle Sink. Stephens and Wright's main study is the change in temperature through the inversion at these sites. These valleys act like a dam trapping cold air, with the coldest of the air settling to the bottom of the valley. Stephens and Wright have found that temperatures between the cold air "lake" and the warmer air above the valley can be different by as much as 70 °F (39 °C).
Climate
Peter Sinks, sitting at an elevation of 8,164 feet, is a natural limestone sinkhole approximately one-half mile wide in diameter and has no valley outlet (referred to as dolines geologically) to drain water or air. It is one of the coldest spots in the lower 48.
During calm cloudless nights, this high elevation basin dissipates daytime heat rapidly into the atmosphere. Cool dense air can then slide downwards towards the basin floor in a process known as cold air pooling. Consequently, extremely low temperatures can occur, particularly in the wake of arctic fronts in winter. According to the Köppen climate classification, it has a continental subalpine/subarctic climate,[3] abbreviated Dfc, though the exceptional attributes of this climate preclude one of the hallmark features of the climate type, the boreal forest, which as Köppen based the system around vegetation distribution indicates that Peter Sinks stretches the limits of the system.
| Climate data for Peter Sinks, Utah, 2010–February 2015 average highs and lows, 2010–October 2019 average records, extremes 1985-present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 49 (9) |
46 (8) |
54 (12) |
66 (19) |
70 (21) |
83 (28) |
83 (28) |
82 (28) |
77 (25) |
75 (24) |
62 (17) |
45 (7) |
83 (28) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 41 (5) |
41 (5) |
49 (9) |
58 (14) |
65 (18) |
78 (26) |
82 (28) |
81 (27) |
76 (24) |
65 (18) |
51 (11) |
43 (6) |
83 (28) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 28.7 (−1.8) |
29.1 (−1.6) |
37.5 (3.1) |
41.9 (5.5) |
50.5 (10.3) |
62.6 (17.0) |
73.8 (23.2) |
71.7 (22.1) |
63.9 (17.7) |
49.6 (9.8) |
34.4 (1.3) |
27.0 (−2.8) |
47.6 (8.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −4.1 (−20.1) |
−6.2 (−21.2) |
3.3 (−15.9) |
9.9 (−12.3) |
21.7 (−5.7) |
28.4 (−2.0) |
35.9 (2.2) |
34.8 (1.6) |
26.9 (−2.8) |
19.7 (−6.8) |
5.8 (−14.6) |
−3.9 (−19.9) |
14.4 (−9.8) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −40 (−40) |
−35 (−37) |
−31 (−35) |
−16 (−27) |
−1 (−18) |
18 (−8) |
23 (−5) |
20 (−7) |
12 (−11) |
−6 (−21) |
−26 (−32) |
−43 (−42) |
−47 (−44) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −66 (−54) |
−69 (−56) |
−52 (−47) |
−41 (−41) |
−19 (−28) |
3 (−16) |
13 (−11) |
7 (−14) |
−10 (−23) |
−45 (−43) |
−47 (−44) |
−57 (−49) |
−69 (−56) |
| Source: The Weather Forums,[4] The Washington Post (October record low)[5] | |||||||||||||
See also
References
- ^ NCDC: January 2002 City/State Extremes (Wayback Archive)
- ^ Bauman, Joe (February 18, 2006), "Think it's cold here? Check out Sinks area", Deseret News, archived from the original on September 28, 2018
- ^ Beck, H.E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., & Wood, E. F. Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
- ^ "Peter Sinks, UT Climate". The Weather Forums. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ Cappucchi, Matthew; Samenow, John (30 October 2019). "Exceptional October cold sets records in Intermountain West, while oozing eastward". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- Kirby, Robert (7 February 2011), "Trail goes cold at Peter Sinks", Salt Lake Tribune
- Fahys, Judy (26 April 2010), "Utah's extreme weather star had a workout this winter", Salt Lake Tribune
- Burgess, Kim (13 April 2010), "Logan Canyon sets icy record", The Herald Journal
- Edwards, Alan (10 April 2003), "USU student seeks out bone-chilling cold", Deseret News
- Palmer, Douglas (25 January 1993), "U.S. 89 takes mighty cold turn at Peter Sinks", Deseret News
- Arave, Lynn (8 August 1990), "Peter Sinks: Utah's coldest spot", Deseret News
- Arave, Lynn (8 August 1990), "A summer visit to the kingpin of sinks", Deseret News
- Clements, Craig B.; Whiteman, C. David; Horel, John D. (June 2003), "Cold-Air-Pool Structure and Evolution in a Mountain Basin: Peter Sinks, Utah", Journal of Applied Meteorology, 42 (6): 752–768, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0752:CSAEIA>2.0.CO;2
- Massey, Peter; Wilson, Jeanne (2007), "Northern Region Trail #7: Peter Sinks Trail", Utah Trails Northern Region, Adler Publishing, pp. 50–54, ISBN 978-1-930193-30-7
External links
- Peter Sinks - Utah Climate Center - real-time temperature monitoring of Peter Sinks and rim temperatures. Maintained by the Utah Climate Center
- Peter Sinks Temperature Monitoring Project - current project by Utah State University for onsite remote automated monitoring at Peter Sinks
- Peter Sinks Field Experiment by John Horel in 1999 - includes map and photos
- "The Coldest Places on Earth". Wunderground.com. 19 January 2011.