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Osing people

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Osing
Lare Using
Lare Osing
Portrait of Osing groom and bride in Kemanten (wedding procession) wearing the traditional Mupus Braen attire in Banyuwangi
Total population
384,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia (East Java)
Languages
  • Native:
  • Osing languages
    • Standard Osing
    • Blambangan Osing
  • Also:
Religion
Islam (Sunni)
Related ethnic groups

The Osing or Using (Osing: Lare Osing; Lare Using)[2] are indigenous ethnic group native to easternmost part of the Java island (especially in Banyuwangi), Indonesia. They are the descendants of the people of the ancient Kingdom of Blambangan. The population of Osing people are approximately 400,000 which concentrated in the Banyuwangi Regency of East Java Province.[3]

Demography

The Osing people are settled in several districts in the central and northern regions of Banyuwangi Regency especially in Banyuwangi district, Rogojampi district, Sempu district, Glagah district, Singojuruh district, Giri district, Kalipuro district and Songgon district. The Osing community or also commonly known as Laré Osing by some circles and as a result of research, are considered as the natives of Banyuwangi Regency, including an area at the easternmost tip of the Java island that is also known as Blambangan Peninsula.[4] This community of people are spread throughout fertile farming villages in the central[5] and eastern regions of Banyuwangi Regency, administratively includes districts such as Giri, Kabat, Glagah, Belimbing Sari, Rogojampi, Sempu, Singojuruh, Songgon, Cluring, Banyuwangi (city), Genteng and Srono. In the four later districts, integration with non-Osing people occurs usually with migrants from western East Java, Central Java including Jogjakarta; which the Osing people refer them as Wong Jawa Kulon (Western Javanese people).

Language

Main article: Osing language

The native language of Osing people is the Osing language, it is categorized as part of the Javanesic language family. Linguistically speaking, this language has been influenced heavily by its sister languages notably the Javanese (mainly eastern dialects) and Balinese.[6] The main factor is probably due to Osing's cultural land which located between the two cultural lands of Javanese and Balinese people.

History

The history of the Osing people dates back to the end of the 15th century, at the time of the fall of Majapahit; to resist conversion to Islam, many of them fled east to Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok. Much of Java were converted to Islam by the Muslim Makassars in the 16th century.[7] The remaining Hindu princes from Majapahit established the Kingdom of Blambangan, which stretched from the Blambangan peninsula right up to the Tengger mountains of Central Java. Blambangan held sway for slightly more than two hundred years before they finally surrendered to the second Mataram Sultanate in 1743, and the eventual Islamization of the Osing people.[8] However, the conversion process wasn't complete until the mid-19th century,[9] though small communities of Muslims do pre-exist this date. The cause of the Osing's conversion is that, during the 19th century, when Banyuwangi was still unscathed by the Dutch colony, but knowing that by launching an attack on Banyuwangi, they will lose out in the battle as the Hindu principal puputan was a fight-to-death, (as occurred previously in the Puputan Bayu War or Blambangan War in 1771–1773)[10] the Dutch sent Muslim and Christian missionaries to tame the fighting spirit. Only then Banyuwangi was captured, a long and ambitious dream toward further occupation on Bali was launched by the Dutch.[citation needed]

After the Dutch East India Company conquered the region in 1767, the Dutch settled many Javanese, Madurese and other Muslim migrants to the area.[9]

Religion

The Osings are mostly adherents of Islam,[11][12] although there are some who still follow Hinduism.[citation needed] Elements of animism can be seen in their religion too. The Osings share a similar culture and spirit with the Balinese, and the Hindus celebrate ceremonies like Nyepi. Just like the Balinese people, the Osing people also share the puputan tradition. It is not uncommon to see mosques and puras (Hindu temples) to be built nearby to each other in Banyuwangi.

Vocation

The main profession of the Osing people are farmers with a small number of them are traders and officers in formal areas of employment such as teachers and local government officials.[9]

Culture

Social stratification

The Osing people differ from the Balinese people in terms of social stratification as the majority of the Osing are Muslims but even the Hindu Osing do not practice the caste system like the Balinese people, even though they are Hindus. This is because of the Islamic influences that is practiced by a significant number of Muslims in their community.[13]

A Gandrung Dancer

Art

The Osing people's various art forms are unique and contains mystical elements just like their Balinese and Tenggerese relatives. The main art form is their popular version of Gandrung traditional dance.,[14] Patrol, Seblang, Angklung, Barong dance, Kuntulan, Kendang Kempul, Janger, Jaranan, Jaran Kincak, Angklung Caruk and Jedor.

Other art forms that are still preserved is the nursery rhyme, especially among school children such as Jamuran and Ojo Rame-Rame. These short poem nursery rhymes in general are used to accompany during children's play. Apart from adding a cheerful atmosphere when children are playing in groups, these nursery rhymes can work to teach positive values in early childhood. Jamuran nursery rhyme teaches about communal work, while Ojo Rame-Rame teaches patriotism.[15]

Customary village

The government of Banyuwangi Regency sees great potential in the culture of the Osing people by establishing Kemiren village in Glagah district as a customary village that preserves the cultural values of the Osing people.[16] Kemiren village is also a tourist destination that is popular among the Banyuwangi people and its surrounding communities.[17] Cultural festivals and annual artistic events are often held in the village.

References

  1. ^ "Java Osing, Banyuwangi in Indonesia". Joshua Project. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  2. ^ Harjawiyana, Haryana; Supriya, Theodorus (2001). Kamus unggah-ungguh basa Jawa. Kanisius. ISBN 978-979-672-991-3.
  3. ^ "Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, Dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. 2010. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  4. ^ Susan Legêne, Bambang Purwanto & Henk Schulte Nordholt, ed. (2015). Sites, Bodies and Stories: Imagining Indonesian History. NUS Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-99-716-9857-7.
  5. ^ Kurniawati Hastuti Dewi (2015). Indonesian Women and Local Politics: Islam, Gender and Networks in Post-Suharto Indonesia. NUS Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-99-716-9842-3.
  6. ^ R. Anderson Sutton (1991). Traditions of Gamelan Music in Java: Musical Pluralism and Regional Identity. CUP Archive. p. 4. ISBN 05-213-6153-2.
  7. ^ Khoon Choy Lee (1999). A Fragile Nation: The Indonesian Crisis. World Scientific. p. 183. ISBN 98-102-4003-1.
  8. ^ Eric Oey, ed. (1994). Java: Garden of the East. McGraw-Hill Trade. p. 60. ISBN 08-442-9947-2.
  9. ^ a b c Barbara A. West (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. pp. 618–619. ISBN 978-14-381-1913-7.
  10. ^ Susan Legêne, Bambang Purwanto & Henk Schulte Nordholt, ed. (2015). Sites, Bodies and Stories: Imagining Indonesian History. NUS Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-99-716-9857-7.
  11. ^ Bernhard Platzdasch & Johan Saravanamuttu, ed. (2014). Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 199. ISBN 978-98-145-1964-9.
  12. ^ Ahmad Khalil (2008). Islam Jawa: sufisme dalam etika dan tradisi Jawa. UIN-Malang Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-97-924-3012-7.
  13. ^ Eric Oey, ed. (1994). Java: Garden of the East. McGraw-Hill Trade. p. 283. ISBN 08-442-9947-2.
  14. ^ "Music of Indonesia, Vol. 1: Songs Before Dawn: Gandrung Banyuwangi". Smithsonian Folkways Recordings.
  15. ^ Moch. Tsalis Nurhidayatullah, Sukatman & Rusdhianti Wuryaningrum (2013). "Tembang Dolanan Dalam Masyarakat Osing Kabupaten Banyuwangi (Kajian Etnografi)" (PDF). FKIP, Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Jember. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  16. ^ "Barong Usir Bencana Di Bumi Blambangan". Kompas. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  17. ^ "Sahid Osing, Pilihan Tempat Menginap di Banyuwangi". Kompas. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.

Further reading

  • Merle Calvin Ricklefs (2001), A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-080-474-4805
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