Search Results

Análisis de los procedimientos de reducción de emisiones de CO2 en el sector del transporte de pasajeros por carretera,
Pablo del Río González and Félix Hernández Álvarez, in EKONOMIAZ. Revista vasca de Economía (2008)
Keywords: emisiones de CO2 en el transporte, instrumentos de mitigación, mitigation instruments, transport CO2 emissions

Localizing Disaster Risk Reduction,
Lilybeth Matunhay, Jonel Milan and Cecilio Paqueo, in International Journal of Social Sciences (2019)
Keywords: disaster risk reduction, barangay disaster risk reduction council, performance, disaster culture, local & community level

Financial Stability: Overcoming the Crisis and Improving the Efficiency of the Banking Sector,
Randall S. Jones and Masahiko Tsutsumi, from OECD Publishing (2009)
Keywords: agences de notation financières, bank, Bank of Japan, banque, Banque du Japon, banques régionales, Basel II, Bâle II, capital adequacy regulation, capital injections, capital markets, credit rating agencies, crise financière mondiale, financial sector, FSA, FSA, global financial crisis, injections de capitaux, Japan, Japanese economy, Japon, marchés de capitaux, prêts viagers hypothécaires, regional banks, reverse mortgages, règles relatives aux fonds propres, secteur financier, securitisation, titrisation, économie japonaise

Improving the Policy Framework in Japan to Address Climate Change,
Randall S. Jones and Byungseo Yoo, from OECD Publishing (2009)
Keywords: carbon sinks, carbon tax, changement climatique, Clean Development Mechanism, Cool Earth 50, Cool Earth 50, COP 15, COP 15, efficacité énergétique, emissions trading systems, energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, Kyoto protocol, mécanisme pour un développement propre, programme Top Runner, Protocole de Kyoto, puits de carbone, renewable energy, système d’échange de droits d’émissions, taxes carbone, Top Runner Programme, émissions de gaz à effet de serre, énergies renouvelables

Towards Green Growth in Denmark: Improving Energy and Climate Change Policies,
Stéphanie Jamet, from OECD Publishing (2012)
Keywords: carbon tax, changement climatique, climate change, climate change mitigation policy, Danemark, Denmark, energy security, green technologies, greenhouse gas emissions, politiques d’atténuation du changement climatique, renewable energy, taxe carbone, technologies respectueuses de l'environnement, émissions de gaz à effet de serre, énergie renouvelable

Shutting Down the Fog Machine,
Gar W. Lipow, in Review of Radical Political Economics (2015)
Keywords: carbon markets; clean development mechanism; offsets; climate crisis; climate justice; carbon capture and storage; sequestration

Perception of local experts about accessibility to international climate funds: Case of Bangladesh,
Syed Mahbubur Rahman and Mokbul Morshed Ahmad, in Journal of Developing Areas (2016)
Keywords: Climate finance, Climate fund, Accessibility, Perception, Bangladesh

Optimal Climate Policy When Damages Are Unknown,
Ivan Rudik, in American Economic Journal: Economic Policy (2020)

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Business in Pakistan: Perceptions and Realities,
Ajaz Ahmed and Aneel Salman, in The Pakistan Development Review (2012)
Keywords: UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Carbon Trading, Climate Change, Mitigation, Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), Designated National Authority (DNA)

Bolgesel Kalkinmada Kamu Yatirimlarinin Rolu: Kuramsal Bir Degerlendirme,
Menevis UZBAY Pirili, in Ege Academic Review (2011)
Keywords: Kamu yatirimlarý, kamu sermayesi, kamu yatirim kriterleri, birikimli nedensellikler, bolgesel kalkýnma

Public-Private Partnership Development in Poland in the Years 2009-2014,
Adam Nalepka, in World of Real Estate Journal (Swiat Nieruchomosci) (2015)
Keywords: public-private partnership, project, investments

Cost Approach in Poland – the Assessment of the Real Estate Valuation Methodology,
Jan Konowalczuk, in World of Real Estate Journal (Swiat Nieruchomosci) (2017)
Keywords: real estate valuation methodology, cost approach, substitution principle

Analiza przestrzenna czynników kształtujących poziom zaspokojenia potrzeb mieszkaniowych w Polsce,
Aneta Cichulska and Radosław Cellmer, in World of Real Estate Journal (Swiat Nieruchomosci) (2017)
Keywords: zasoby mieszkaniowe, potrzeby mieszkaniowe, rynek nieruchomości, regresja przestrzenna

Public–Private Partnerships in Developing Countries,
Duncan Melville, in Review of Market Integration (2016)
Keywords: Infrastructure; Chile; public–private partnerships; PPP

The Role of the Public-Private Partnership in Local Development,
Pavlo Shylepnytskyi, in Agricultural Economics and Rural Development (2017)
Keywords: public-private partnership (PPP), public infrastructure, infrastructure services, government, PPP market.

Public Investment in Nigeria. Does External Debt Matter?,
Ibrahim Mohammed Adamu, in Academic Journal of Economic Studies (2016)
Keywords: External debt, debt service, FDI, public capital investment, Nigeria

Cambios en las concesiones viales en Uruguay: un análisis basado en la teoría de subastas,
Andres Pereyra, in Revista de Economía Institucional (2010)
Keywords: road concessions, auction theory

Comment concilier débat public et décision rationnelle ? Vers une méthode d'évaluation démocratique,
Beatrice Plottu, in Revue d'économie régionale et urbaine (2005)
Keywords: Evaluation, decision, public debate, conflicts, transport infrastructure

The macroeconomic variables are crucial for any change in economy for a country,
Ahmed Imran Hunjra, Muhammad Chani, Muhammad Shahzad, Muhammad Farooq and Kamran Khan, in International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research (IJEER) (2014)
Keywords: Interest rate, Exchange rate, Inflation rate, GDP, Stock prices

Is the Allocation of Public Capital Across the Spanish Regions too Redistributive?,
Angel de La Fuente, from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2002)
Keywords: Regional policy; Spain; Infrastructure

Carry Forward Modeling for High-Frequency Limit-Order Executions: An Emerging Market Perspective,
Aritra Pan and Arun Kumar Misra, in American Business Review (2022)
Keywords: High-Frequency Trading; Limit-Order Book; Execution Probability of Limit Orders; Survival Analysis

Light Emitting Diodes Technology in Public Light System of the Municipality of Rome: An Economic and Financial Analysis,
Domenico Campisi, Simone Gitto and Donato Morea, in International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy (2017)
Keywords: Light Emitting Diodes Technology, CO2 Emissions, Public Lighting

A new governance in Fonadin as a strategy to make infrastructure investments more efficient,
Daniel Ordoñez, in The Anahuac Journal (2019)
Keywords: public investment, Fonadin and governance

CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE COMPANIES BASED ON PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP,
Arkadiusz Borowiec, in Oeconomia Copernicana (2013)
Keywords: business innovation, public-private partnerships, government expenditure

La política industrial de México a través de los proyectos de nación,
Paulo Humberto Leal-Villegas, in eseconomía (2013)
Keywords: política industrial, neoliberalismo en México, proyecto de nación/ industrial policy, neoliberalism in Mexico, national project

Tax Revenue, Infrastructural Development and Economic Growth In Nigeria,
Oluwasegun David Ayeni and Olarewaju Joseph Afolabi, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2020)
Keywords: Tax Revenue, Infrastructural Development, Economic Growth, VAR.

“供给侧改革”背景下地方政府财政投资的经济效应分析：以安徽省为例,
Kun Xu, Zhi-hua Gua and Wenli Xu, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2016)
Keywords: Fiscal Investment; Public Goods; Economic Growth; Nation-Owned Firms

Usefulness of the Corporate Annual Reports: Evidence from Dhaka Stock Exchange,
Md. Abdullah Babu and Md. Muktadir Hossain, in Asian Business Review (2019)
Keywords: Corporate Annual Report; Investment Decision; General Investors; Stock Brokers

El uso racional del agua de riego en México: entre la eficiencia y la institucionalidad,
Marcelo Olivera, Ernesto Abraham and Martha G. Alatriste, in Revista Nicolaita de Estudios Económicos (2008)
Keywords: Use of water; economic rationality; common sense.

Army Corps of Engineers: Budgetary History and Projections,
Congressional Budget Office, from Congressional Budget Office (2022)

Problems of Implementation of Investment Budgetary Expenditures when Providing Sector Support Measures,
Makar Kudelich, in Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal (2017)
Keywords: measures of state support, budget expenditures, efficiency, public investment, government programs, project approach

Financial and Economic Development of Kazakhstan: Implementation of Investment Opportunities,
Nurilya K. Kuchukova and Lyazzat A. Talimova, in Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal (2019)
Keywords: financial and economic development, investment opportunities, Kazakhstan, the fourth industrial revolution, sources of financing investments, Astana International Financial Center, digital technologies

Building Infrastructure to Accomodate Growth,
Leon Taylor, in Eastern Economic Journal (1991)
Keywords: Infrastructure

Privatising Public Infrastructure: Rationale and Key Issues,
John J. Fallon, in Economic Analysis and Policy (1997)
Keywords: Infrastructure; Privatizing

Access, affordability, and alternatives: Modern infrastructure services in Africa,
Sudeshna Banerjee, Quentin Wodon, Amadou Diallo, Taras Pushak, Elal Uddin, Clarence Tsimpo and Vivien Foster, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2008)
Keywords: Basic Infrastructure; Water; Electricity; sub-Saharan Africa

Infrastructure in India: Issues in the New Millennium,
Rajarshi Majumder, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2008)
Keywords: Infrastructure; Planning; Financing;

Volatility Spillovers and Nexus across Oil, Gold, and Stock European Markets,
Chao Ren, in American Business Review (2022)
Keywords: Volatility Spill Overs and Nexus Across Oil; Gold; Stock Markets; European Countries

Il rapporto tra capitale pubblico e altre variabili macroeconomiche: analisi della letteratura,
Andrea Federici, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2018)
Keywords: Capitale pubblico, Investimento pubblico, Crescita economica, Occupazione, Capitale privato

Il rapporto tra capitale pubblico e altre variabili macroeconomiche: un'applicazione empirica,
Andrea Federici, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2018)
Keywords: Capitale pubblico, Investimento pubblico, Crescita economica, Occupazione, Capitale privato

A Note on Infrastructure Quality in South Africa,
Johan Fourie, from Stellenbosch University, Department of Economics (2007)
Keywords: Infrastructure, South Africa, quality, international trade, port facilities, binding constraints

Infrastructure Development in Punjab, Pakistan:From Assessment to Spatiotemporal Analysis at District Level,
Iqra Paras, Ghulam Mohey-ud-din and Faisal Fareed, in Journal of Quantitative Methods (2018)
Keywords: Infrastructure Development; Infrastructure Development Index; Spatial Mapping; Spatial Ranking; Temporal Analysis; Punjab – Pakistan

Could Resource Rents Finance Universal Access to Infrastructure? A First Exploration of Needs and Rents,
Sabine Fuss, Claudine Chen, Michael Jakob, Annika Marxen, Narasimha D. Rao and Ottmar Edenhofer, from Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (2015)
Keywords: Resource Rents, Infrastructure, Economic Development

Exploring the reasons for efficiency in Spanish airports,
Ane Elixabete Ripoll-Zarraga and Cecilio Mar-Molinero, in Transport Policy (2020)
Keywords: Data envelopment analysis (DEA); Multidimensional scaling (MDS); Visualisation; Technical efficiency; Benchmarking; Spanish airport-system;

Government expenditure and service sector growth in Nigeria,
Nwosa Philip Ifeakachukwu and Tijani Semira Olajumoke, in Journal of Economics and Management (2020)
Keywords: government expenditure, service sector performance, co-integration, OLS

Economic Analysis of High Speed Rail in Europe,
Ginés de Rus, from Fundacion BBVA / BBVA Foundation (2012)
Keywords: rail transport, high speed, costs, demand

Effects of Public Investment in Infrastructure on Growth and Poverty in India,
K. Murty and A. Soumya, from East Asian Bureau of Economic Research (2006)
Keywords: Public Inversment, Infrastructure, Growth, poverty, India

Macro economic effects of public investment in infrastructure in India,
K. N. Murty and A. Soumya, from East Asian Bureau of Economic Research (2006)
Keywords: Macroeconomic, Public Inversment, Infrastructure, India

Finansal Kaynakların Kullanımında Kamu Kesiminin Ağırlığı ve Özel Sektörün Dışlanması,
Metin Toprak, from University Library of Munich, Germany (1993)
Keywords: kamu kesimi, özel sektör, dışlanma

Kesimler ve Sektörler İtibariyle Kamu Yatırımları,
Metin Toprak, from University Library of Munich, Germany (1994)
Keywords: Sektörel Yatırımlar, Kamu Kesimleri, Kamu Yatırımları

1980-1993 Kamu yatırımlarında 3 dönem/3 analiz,
Metin Toprak, from University Library of Munich, Germany (1994)
Keywords: 1980 Öncesi ve Sonrası Türk Ekonomisi, Kamu Kesimi, Özel Teşebbüs ve Devlet İşletmeciliği

Konsolide Bütçe Uygulaması Gider Analizi,
Metin Toprak, from University Library of Munich, Germany (1995)
Keywords: Türk ekonomisi, Kamu harcamalarının GSMH 'ye oranı, Anglo-Saxon gelenek ve Kıta Avrupası gelenek, Kamu harcamaları, özel teşebbüsün gücü

Infrastructure development in India: a systematic review,
A. Indira and N. Chandrasekaran, in Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences (2023)
Keywords: Infrastructure spending, Infrastructure development, Economic growth, Sectors

The Economics of Infrastructure Investment: Beyond Simple Cost Benefit Analysis,
Arthur Grimes, from Motu Economic and Public Policy Research (2010)
Keywords: Infrastructure, Cost Benefit Analysis, Evaluation

How Productive is Public Capital? A Meta-Analysis,
Pedro Bom and Jenny Ligthart, from CESifo (2008)
Keywords: public capital, infrastructure, public investment, meta-analysis, meta-regression analysis, publication bias

Comparative Analysis of Capital Stock Estimates,
Randall Eberts and Douglas Dalenberg, from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research (1997)
Keywords: infrastructure, capital stock, transportation, economic performance, investments

How Levels of Transportation Investment Affect Economic Health,
Randall Eberts, from W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research (2000)
Keywords: infrastructure, investment, transportation, economy

Modelling Social Infrastructure and Growth,
Martin S. Chin, from The University of Melbourne (2002)
Keywords: Economic Growth, Human Capital, Social Infrastrncture

The UK National Infrastructure Plan 2010,
James Stewart, from European Investment Bank, Economics Department (2010)
Keywords: Infrastructure investment; Infrastructure planning; Private infrastructure finance; United Kingdom; Spending review

Las Tarifas de Servicios Públicos en un Contexto de Crisis,
Martín Rodríguez Pardina, from Instituto de Economía, Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (2003)
Keywords: infraestructura; Inversión Privada; historia económica internacional; Tarifas; Servicios Públicos

Infrastructure Quality and the Subsidy Trap,
Shaun McRae, from Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (2009)
Keywords: developing countries infrastructure, infrastructure subsidies, subsidy trap

Alternativas en el manejo del riesgo de demanda en concesiones de infraestructura vial,
Andres Pereyra, from Department of Economics - dECON (2006)
Keywords: concessions, infrastructure, roads

Articulación público - privada en el financiamiento de la infraestructura de carreteras en Uruguay,
Andres Pereyra, from Department of Economics - dECON (2006)
Keywords: concessions, infrastructure, roads

Asignación de riesgos en concesiones viales: evaluación de la aplicación de mecanismos de mitigación de riesgos en contratos de concesión en Uruguay,
Andres Pereyra, from Department of Economics - dECON (2008)
Keywords: corruption, public opinion, role of government, government policy, regulation.

Bezpieczenstwo energetyczne Polski w latach 2010–2015: aspekty ekologiczne i prawno-polityczne,
Adam Pogorzelski, in Catallaxy (2017)
Keywords: energy security; conventional energy sources; renewable energy sources; energetics

Cambio climático y sustentabilidad económica y social: implicaciones sobre el bienestar social,
Emèrit Bono, in CIRIEC-España, revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa (2008)
Keywords: Global change, Climate change, Vulnerability, Carbon sequestration and storage, Energy productivity, Renewable energy, New economic, social and environmental paradigm.

Towards Consistent and Effective Carbon Pricing in Germany?,
Ivana Capozza and Joseph Curtin, from OECD Publishing (2012)
Keywords: Allemagne, carbon price, emissions trading systems, environmentally harmful subsidies, environmentally related taxes, Germany, prix du carbone, subventions dommageables pour l’environnement, système d’échange de droits d’émissions, taxes liées à l'environnement

Economic Effects of an Ocean Acidification Catastrophe,
Stephen G. Colt and Gunnar P. Knapp, in American Economic Review (2016)

Exploring options to measure the climate consistency of real economy investments: The manufacturing industries of Norway,
Alexander Dobrinevski and Raphaël Jachnik, from OECD Publishing (2020)
Keywords: capital expenditure, climate change, emissions, energy efficiency, finance, investment, low-greenhouse gas development, manufacturing, measurement, scenarios, taxonomy, tracking

Exploring options to measure the climate consistency of real economy investments: The transport sector in Latvia,
Alexander Dobrinevski and Raphaël Jachnik, from OECD Publishing (2020)
Keywords: capital expenditure, climate change, emissions, energy efficiency, finance, investment, Latvia, low-greenhouse gas development, measurement, scenarios, taxonomy, tracking, transport

Measuring the alignment of real economy investments with climate mitigation objectives: The United Kingdom’s buildings sector,
Raphaël Jachnik and Alexander Dobrinevski, from OECD Publishing (2021)
Keywords: buildings, capital expenditure, climate change, emissions, energy efficiency, finance, investment, low-greenhouse gas development, measurement, scenarios, taxonomy, tracking, United Kingdom

Green Growth and Climate Change Policies in New Zealand,
Alexandra Bibbee, from OECD Publishing (2011)
Keywords: agricultural emissions, biodiversity, biodiversité, carbon price, changement climatique, climate change, emissions trading scheme, environmental policies, gestion des déchets, gestion des resources, GHG emissions, industries minières, Kyoto obligations, mining, New Zealand, Nouvelle-Zélande, nutrient trading, politiques environnementales, pollution de l'eau, renewables, resource management, waste management, water pollution, water use, échange de quotas sur les nutriments, émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), émissions du secteur agricole, énergies renouvelables

Greening Growth in Japan,
Ivana Capozza, from OECD Publishing (2011)
Keywords: accords volontaires, changement climatique, climate change, dépenses de lutte contre la pollution, eco-innovation, economic instruments for environmental policy, environmentally harmful subsidies, environmentally-related taxes, green growth strategy, instruments économiques au service de la politique d’environnement, Japan, Japon, objectifs de performance, performance targets, pollution abatement and control expenditure, stratégie pour une croissance verte, subventions dommageables pour l’environnement, taxes liées à l'environnement, voluntary agreements, éco-innovation

Power struggle: Decarbonising the electricity sector,
Dirk Röttgers and Brilé Anderson, from OECD Publishing (2018)
Keywords: climate change, Decarbonisation, electricity, political economy, regression analysis

OECD Progress Update on Approaches to Mobilising Institutional Investment for Sustainable Infrastructure,
Dirk Röttgers, Aayush Tandon and Christopher Kaminker, from OECD Publishing (2018)
Keywords: climate change, finance, financial instruments, financial sector, infrastructure, Institutional investors, sustainable

Addressing Challenges in the Energy Sector in Israel,
Philip Hemmings, from OECD Publishing (2011)
Keywords: carbon tax, demande énergétique israélienne, diesel, diesel, efficacité énergétique, electric car, electricity generation, energy, energy efficiency, essence, fiscalité des véhicules, gasoline, gaz naturel, gaz à effet de serre, GES, GHG, greenhouse gases, installations solaires, Israel, Israeli energy demand, Israeli energy supply, Israël, natural gas, offre énergétique israélienne, production d'électricité, public transport, renewable energy, solar power, taxes carbone, transport public, vehicle emissions, vehicle taxation, voiture électrique, wind power, émissions des véhicules, énergie, énergie renouvelable, éoliennes

LIBERALIZAREA TRANSPORTULUI PE CALEA FERATA IN UNIUNEA EUROPEANA,
Ilie Budica, in Management and Marketing Journal (2005)
Keywords: railway transportation, network of transport

Directions in French Corporate Governance Since 1945,
F. Bancel, from Ecole Superieure de Commerce de Paris. Groupe ESCP- (1999)
Keywords: ECONOMIC POLICY ; PRIVATIZATION ; INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE

The of Consumer demand Systems to Evaluate the Determinants of Australian State and Local Government Expenditure,
M. Stewart, from Melbourne - Centre in Finance (1996)
Keywords: GOVERNMENT SPENDING POLICY;PUBLIC SECTOR

Kamu-Özel İşbirliklerinin Devlet Muhasebe Sistemindeki Yeri ve Önemi,
Uğur Emek, in Iktisat Isletme ve Finans (2014)
Keywords: Altyapı, Kamu Özel İşbirlikleri, Muhasebeleştirme, Türkiye

Cultural Infrastructure in Arges County,
Pirvu (Mazilescu) Ionica-Diana and Goldbach Felix-Constantin, in Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series (2017)
Keywords: infrastructure, cultural activity, resources

MODERN ASPECTS OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP,
Milos Milosavljevic and Sladjana Benkovic, in Perspectives of Innovation in Economics and Business (PIEB) (2009)
Keywords: Infrastructure, public private partnership, hybrid public private partnership models

THE ROLE OF THE WORLD INSURANCE MARKET INFRASTRUCTURE,
Antonina Sholoiko, in Baltic Journal of Economic Studies (2017)
Keywords: world insurance market, infrastructure, international insurance associations, international associations of insurers, international associations of insurance experts

FILM PRODUCTION FINANCING IN ROMANIA (THE NATIONAL CINEMA CENTRE),
Bogdan Andrei Iliesiu, in JOURNAL STUDIA UNIVERSITATIS BABES-BOLYAI NEGOTIA (2013)
Keywords: National Cinema Centre, State support, Direct credit, Nonreimbursablesupport, Indirect support

Correspondence,
Douglas Holtz-Eakin, in Journal of Economic Perspectives (1993)

Una nueva estructura de garantías para los bonos chilenos de infraestructura,
Werner Kristjanpoller Rodríguez and John Díaz Antillanca, in Revista de Economía Institucional (2011)
Keywords: concesiones, monolínea, bonos de infraestructura, bonos asegurados

Stav dopravnej a informačnej infraštruktúry ako kritérium pri hodnotení investičnej atraktívnosti štátov v regióne strednej a východnej Európy,
Tomáš Dudáš, in Medzinarodne vztahy (Journal of International Relations) (2005)
Keywords: dopravná infraštruktúra, informačná infraštruktúra, zahraničné investície, PZI, V4, stredná Európa, východná Európa

INFRASTRUCTURAL SUPPORT OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS MARKETS IN RUSSIA,
Anastasia Igorevna Smetanina and Irina Anatolievna Morozova, in Applied Econometrics and International Development (2015)
Keywords: cash money, electronic payment systems markets, infrastructure, national financial system, Russia.

Philippine policy reforms and infrastructure development: a historical account,
Dante B. Canlas, in Philippine Review of Economics (2017)
Keywords: policy reforms, infrastructure development, Philippine history

Long Run Association of Oil Prices and Stock Prices: A Case of Indonesia,
Venkata Sai Srinivasa Rao Muramalla and Hassan Ali Alqahtani, in International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy (2020)
Keywords: Stock returns, oil prices, Indonesia

Fiscal Consolidation versus Infrastructural Obligations,
Anantha Ramu M.R. and K. Gayithri, in Journal of Infrastructure Development (2017)
Keywords: Fiscal deficit; fiscal rules; infrastructure